Résumés
Résumé
Les systèmes agricoles en gestion biologique se caractérisent par une grande biodiversité et une forte complexité. La biodiversité est associée à une faune entomophage variée et abondante qui permet une meilleure lutte naturelle contre les insectes ravageurs qu’en agriculture intensive. Cette contribution ne se limite pas à la ferme. Certaines études à l’échelle du paysage démontrent que les zones non cultivées servent de réservoirs à la faune auxiliaire (prédateurs et parasitoïdes). Cependant, la biodiversité ne permet pas de réprimer certains ravageurs en dessous du seuil économique. Par conséquent, la prévention joue un rôle important en visant l’aménagement du système agricole pour qu’il soit favorable aux ennemis naturels et défavorable aux ravageurs. Ainsi, les pratiques culturales telles que la rotation et le choix de cultivars sont au premier plan dans une stratégie de lutte intégrée en production biologique. À un parcours technique qui mise sur le principe de prévention s’ajoutent, en dernier recours, des outils comme les bâches, les biopesticides et les agents de lutte biologique. Malgré ces outils, le défi reste entier. La complexité de « l’agroécosystème biologique » exige un effort de recherche pour mieux comprendre certains mécanismes qui permettraient d’accroître la lutte naturelle aux insectes ravageurs.
Mots clés:
- Agriculture biologique,
- biodiversité,
- lutte aux insectes nuisibles,
- phytoprotection,
- prévention
Abstract
Organic agricultural systems are characterized by a large biodiversity and high complexity. Biodiversity is often associated with a wide variety of entomophagous insects, which allows better natural insect pest control than in conventional systems. This contribution is not only limited to the farm itself. Studies at the landscape level have shown that non-cultivated areas may act as reservoirs for beneficial insects such as predators and parasitoids. However, biodiversity is not always effective at maintaining pests below the economic threshold. Consequently, prevention is a key component in insect pest management in organic crops. Prevention will aim to make the environment favourable to natural enemies but unfavourable to insect pests. Agricultural practices, such as crop rotation and choice of cultivars, are key elements when an integrated pest management approach is applied to an organic system. Along with agricultural practices and precautionary measures, some tools such as row covers, biopesticides and beneficial insects are also available as a last resort. However, the challenge is still overwhelming. Organic agroecosystems are complex and require much more research to understand the mechanisms that will allow natural control to become more efficient.
Keywords:
- Biodiversity,
- insect pest control,
- organic agriculture,
- phytoprotection,
- prevention
Parties annexes
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