Résumés
Abstract
Light and transmission electron microscope studies of naturally infected or inoculated staghorn sumac plants by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi race 3 are reported. Diverse extrinsic material (including latex in some instances) or elements occurred in vessel lumina. Some of this material labelled for pectin, often in association with tyloses, as did other opaque matter in paratracheal cells, related to alterations of their protective layer. Pronounced alterations of pit membranes of bordered pits occurred, with their outer portions disrupted into bodies of opaque matter, strongly labelled for cellulose, and their middle portions as unlabelled shreds. Similarly labelled opaque bodies occasionally occurred on vessel walls and lumina. Direct penetration of host cell secondary walls by the pathogen occurred, but these were degraded to any extent only following intramural invasion. Vessel walls, at all stages of infection, were lined with variously structured matter: in their thinnest forms, by single or paired, equidistant or widely spaced opaque bands, and in their thickest forms as alternating opaque and less opaque layers. Other thin elements, often enclosing opaque material, vesicular structures, or occasionally particles of ribosomal appearance were also delineated by similar but frequently infolded bands. These elements were sometimes observed to be confluent with fungal cells and to label for chitin. Many fungal elements were bound by only a thin or defective lucent wall layer, practically unlabelled for chitin, or by a locally thickened, labelled one; labelling for this substrate was also frequently associated with the fungal cell outer opaque wall layer or with some outer extracellular matter. Fine filamentous structures, connected to fungal cells, to the vessel lining matter, and to these other elements, extended into host walls. The lining itself generally did not label for cellulose or chitin. These observations are discussed in comparison with similar observations made regarding other wilt diseases that we have studied.
Keywords:
- Cellulose,
- chitin,
- colloidal gold labelling,
- endocells,
- fungal wall irregularities,
- Fusarium wilt,
- pit membrane alterations,
- vessel wall linings.
Résumé
Nous rapportons des observations microscopiques et ultrastructurales de l’infection par le F. oxysporum f. sp. callistephi race 3 de plants de vinaigrier inoculés ou infectés naturellement. Des structures ou du matériel étrangers aux éléments vasculaires ont été illustrés. Ce matériel ainsi que la matière liée à l’altération de la couche dite protectrice des cellules de parenchyme se sont marqués pour la pectine. Des corps opaques apposés aux parois des vaisseaux, présents dans leur lumière ou dans les cellules de parenchyme voisines, ont réagi pour la cellulose. La partie mitoyenne des membranes de ponctuation aréolées était altérée en lambeaux non marqués pour la cellulose et leur partie externe en corps opaques marqués. La pénétration des parois secondaires des cellules hôtes par le champignon a eu lieu, mais ces parois étaient fortement altérées seulement une fois colonisées de façon intralamellaire. Les parois vasculaires, à tous les stades de la maladie, étaient recouvertes de matière étrangère : dans les cas les plus prononcés, de couches de diverses épaisseurs, formées de strates d’opacité différente, et, dans leur plus simple expression, de lamelles opaques, simples ou jumelées mais souvent divergentes; des éléments, encadrés de lamelles semblables et souvent incurvées, et contenant de la matière opaque, des structures vésiculaires ou occasionnellement des particules semblables à des ribosomes garnissaient également les parois vasculaires. Ces éléments, inégalement marqués pour la chitine, étaient à l’occasion liés à des cellules du champignon. La couche translucide de ces cellules était souvent mince ou absente, pratiquement non marquée pour ce substrat, ou localement épaissie et alors fortement marquée, comme aussi occasionnellement leur couche pariétale externe et la matière extracellulaire semblable. Des structures filamenteuses rattachées aux cellules du champignon, comme au recouvrement des parois vasculaires et aux autres éléments, piquaient les parois cellulaires de l’hôte. Ces recouvrements ne se sont généralement pas marqués pour la cellulose ou la chitine. Ces observations se comparent avantageusement à celles concernant les autres maladies à flétrissement que nous avons étudiées.
Mots clés:
- Anomalies de la paroi fongique,
- bris des parois de ponctuation,
- cellules endocellulaires,
- cellulose,
- chitine,
- fusariose,
- marquage à l'or colloïdal,
- recouvrements des parois vasculaires
Parties annexes
References
- Armstrong, G.M., and J.K. Armstrong. 1981. Formae speciales and races of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt diseases. Pages 391-399 in T.A. Nelson, T.A. Tousson, and R.J. Cook (eds.), Fusarium: diseases, biology, and taxonomy. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA, USA.
- Beckman, C.H. 1987. The nature of wilt diseases of plants. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA. 175 pp.
- Bishop, C.D., and R.M. Cooper. 1984. Ultrastructure of vascular colonization by fungal wilt pathogens. II. Invasion of resistant cultivars. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 24 : 277-289.
- Charest, P.M., G.B. Ouellette, and F.J. Pauzé. 1984. Cytological observations of early infection process by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici in tomato plants. Can. J. Bot. 62 : 1232-1244.
- Charest, P.M., G.B. Ouellette, P. Blais, and H. Chamberland. 2004. Irregular growth forms and cell wall modifications, polygalacturonase detection, and endocell formation in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici infecting tomato plants, as studied ultrastructurally and cytochemically. Mycol. Prog. 3 : 137-150.
- Et-Touil, A., D. Rioux, F.M. Mathieu, and L. Bernier. 2005. External symptoms and histopathological changes following inoculation of elms putatively resistant to Dutch elm disease with genetically close strains of Ophiostoma. Can. J. Bot. 83 : 656-667.
- Farr, D.F., G.F. Bills, G.P. Chamuris, and A.Y. Rossman. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. APS Press. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA. p. 24-25.
- Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th edn. American Book Company, New York, USA. 1252 pp.
- Frens, G. 1973. Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold solutions. Nature (Phys. Sci.) 241 : 20-22.
- Hale, M.D., and R.A. Eaton. 1985a. The ultrastructure of soft rot fungi. I. Fine hyphae in wood cell walls. Mycologia 77 : 447-463.
- Hale, M.D., and R.A. Eaton. 1985b. The ultrastructure of soft rot fungi. II. Cavity-forming hyphae in wood cell walls. Mycologia 77 : 594-605.
- Hepting, G.H., and R. Toole. 1950. Some southeastern tree diseases - 1948 and 1949. Plant Dis. Rep. 34 : 135-137.
- Kirouac, C. (Fr. Marie-Victorin). 1995. Flore laurentienne. 3ième édition. L. Brouillet and I. Goulet (eds.). Mise à jour et annotée. Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal. p. 391-392.
- Nicole, M., K. Ruel, and G.B. Ouellette. 1994. Fine morphology of fungal structures involved in host wall alteration. Pages 13-30 in O. Petrini and G.B. Ouellette (eds.), Host wall alterations by parasitic fungi, APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- O’Connell, R.J., J.A. Bailey, and D.V. Richmond. 1984. A chloroplast and other organelles of Phaseolus vulgaris within a hypha of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 37 : 39-53.
- Ouellette, G.B., and D. Rioux. 1992. Anatomical and physiological aspects of resistance to Dutch elm disease. Pages 257-307 in R.A. Blanchette and A.R. Biggs (eds.), Defense mechanisms of woody plants against fungi. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- Ouellette, G.B., and D. Rioux. 1993. Alterations of vessel elements and reactions of surrounding tissues in the DED syndrome. Pages 255-292 in M.B. Sticklen and J.L. Sherald (eds.), Dutch elm disease research: cellular and molecular approaches. Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Ouellette, G.B., N. Méthot, H. Chamberland, C. Côté, and J.-G. Lafontaine. 1995. Cytology of irregular growth forms of Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi growing through millipore filter membranes and sterilized elm wood sections. Can. J. Microbiol. 41 : 1095-1110.
- Ouellette, G.B., R.P. Baayen, M. Simard, and D. Rioux. 1999a. Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of colonization of xylem vessel elements of susceptible and resistant Dianthus caryophyllus by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. Can. J. Bot. 77 : 644-663.
- Ouellette, G.B., H. Chamberland, A. Goulet, M. Lachapelle, and J.-G. Lafontaine. 1999b. Fine structure of the extracellular sheath and cell walls in Ophiostoma novo-ulmi growing on various substrates. Can. J. Microbiol. 45 : 582-597.
- Ouellette, G.B., R.P. Baayen, L. Bernier, H. Chamberland, P.M. Charest, D. Rioux, and M. Simard. 2001. Chitin : to be or not to be in some ascomycetous fungi. Pages 79-89 in R.A.A. Muzzarelli (ed.), Chitin Enzymology 2001. Atec Edizioni, Grottamare, Italia.
- Ouellette, G.B., R.P. Baayen, M. Simard, and D. Rioux. 2002. Reactions of paratracheal cells of resistant and susceptible carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) cultivars to vascular invasion by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. New Phytol. 156 : 113-128.
- Ouellette, G.B., R.P. Baayen, H. Chamberland, M. Simard, D. Rioux, and P.M. Charest. 2004a. Cytochemical labeling for fungal and host components in plant tissues inoculated with fungal wilt pathogens. Microsc. Microanal. 10 : 449-461.
- Ouellette, G.B., R.P. Baayen, D. Rioux, and M. Simard. 2004b. Peculiar ultrastructural characteristics of fungal cells and of other elements apposed to and in vessel walls in plants of a susceptible carnation cultivar, infected with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi race 2. Phytoprotection 85 : 121-138.
- Ouellette, G.B., D. Rioux, M. Simard, and R.P. Baayen. 2004c. Occurrence of paracrystalloids and their particles in resistant and susceptible carnation plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi race 2. Phytoprotection 85 : 139-151.
- Ouellette, G.B., D. Rioux, M. Simard, and M. Cherif. 2004d. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of hosts and pathogens in some fungal wilt diseases: retro- and introspection towards a better understanding of DED. In L. Gil, A. Solla, and G.B. Ouellette (eds.), New approaches to elm conservation. Investig. Agrar.: Sist. Recur. For. 13 : 119-143.
- Ouellette, G.B., D. Rioux, M. Simard, H. Chamberland, M. Cherif, and R.P. Baayen. 2004e. Ultrastructure of the alveolar network and its relation to coating on vessel walls in elms infected with Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and in other plants affected with similar wilt diseases. In L. Gil, A. Solla, and G.B. Ouellette (eds.), New approaches to elm conservation. Investig. Agrar.: Sist. Recur. For. 13 : 147-160.
- Ouellette, G.B., D. Rioux, and M. Simard. 2005. Histopathology of Fusarium wilt of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi race 3. II. Characteristics of opaque matter associated with extensive host cell and cell wall alterations. Phytoprotection 86 : 175-187.
- Rioux, D., and G.B. Ouellette. 1991. Barrier zone formation in host and nonhost trees inoculated with Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. I. Anatomy and histochemistry. Can. J. Bot. 69 : 2055-2073.
- Rioux, D., M. Nicole, M. Simard, and G.B. Ouellette. 1998. Immunocytochemical evidence that secretion of pectin occurs during gel (gum) and tylosis formation in trees. Phytopathology 88 : 494-505.
- Snyder, W.C., R.E. Toole, and G.H. Hepting. 1949. Fusaria associated with mimosa wilt, sumac wilt, and pine pitch canker. J. Agric. Res. 78 : 365-380.
- Tamaki, H., and S. Yamashina. 1994. Improved method for post-embedding cytochemistry using reduced osmium and LR white resin. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 42 : 1285-1293.
- Thomas, W.D. Jr. 1950. New shade tree diseases in Colorado. Plant Dis. Rep. 34 : 83-84.
- Toole, R.E. 1949. Fusarium wilt of staghorn sumac. Phytopathology 39 : 754-759.
- Toole, R.E., W.C. Snyder, and G.H. Hepting. 1948. A new Fusarium wilt of sumac. Phytopathology 38 : 572 (abstr.).