Résumés
Résumé
L’intensification de l’empreinte humaine dans l’estuaire et le golfe du Saint-Laurent impose une planification systémique de l’exploitation des ressources marines. Une évaluation régionale des impacts cumulés dans le Saint-Laurent demeure pourtant encore attendue. Un nombre important d’activités (p. ex. transport maritime, pêche, aquaculture) caractérise l’exploitation humaine du Saint-Laurent. Ces activités imposent plusieurs stresseurs environnementaux (p. ex. destruction de l’habitat) affichant un chevauchement spatial croissant. Individuellement, ils peuvent affecter la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Imposés simultanément, les stresseurs peuvent agir en synergie et entraîner des effets non linéaires imprévisibles. Ces effets demeurent largement incompris et conséquemment ignorés lors d’évaluations d’impacts environnementaux, qui demeurent orientées sur des espèces ou secteurs uniques et l’approbation de projets. Plusieurs défis relatifs aux impacts cumulés dans le Saint-Laurent doivent être relevés : 1) améliorer l’état des connaissances des impacts de multiples stresseurs sur les écosystèmes, 2) améliorer l’applicabilité des méthodes d’évaluation d’impacts cumulés, 3) identifier des indicateurs d’impacts cumulés, 4) créer un protocole de suivi environnemental et d’impacts humains, et de partage de données et 5) développer une capacité de gestion adaptative pour le Saint-Laurent. La planification systémique de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles au sein du Saint-Laurent nécessitera une vision intégrative de la structure et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes ainsi que des vecteurs de stress qui leur sont imposés. Une telle approche ne sera réalisable que lorsque nous aurons développé les infrastructures et les outils nécessaires à une gestion écosystémique du Saint-Laurent.
Mots-clés :
- activités humaines,
- effets non linéaires,
- gestion adaptative,
- stresseurs environnementaux,
- synergie
Abstract
The intensification of human activity in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada) imposes the need for a systematic planning approach for the use of marine resources. There is, however, currently no regional cumulative impact assessment for the St. Lawrence. Many of the human activities in this area (e.g., shipping, fisheries and aquaculture) impose environmental threats (e.g., habitat destruction) that may jeopardize ecosystem structure and function. Increasingly, these threats are overlapping spatially, which induces synergies causing unpredictable non-linear effects on ecosystems. These effects are still poorly understood and consequently neglected in environmental impact assessments, which remain focused on single species or sectors, and on the approval of specific projects. To efficiently evaluate cumulative impacts in the St. Lawrence, it will be important to: 1) improve our knowledge concerning the impacts of multiple threats to ecosystems; 2) improve the accessibility to, and the applicability of, cumulative impact tools; 3) identify relevant human and environmental indicators of cumulative impacts; 4) create a data sharing, and human impact and environmental monitoring protocol; and 5) develop an adaptive management approach for the St. Lawrence. Systematic planning of the use of natural resources in the St. Lawrence will require an integrated overview of the structure and function of its ecosystems, and of the sources of stresses affecting them. Such an approach will only be feasible once the necessary infrastructures and tools for ecosystem-based management of the area have been developed.
Keywords:
- adaptive management,
- environmental stressors,
- human activities,
- non-linear effects,
- synergy
Parties annexes
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