Résumés
Résumé
La phylogéographie est un champ de la biogéographie qui s’appuie sur les outils de la génétique afin de mieux comprendre les conséquences d’évènements anciens sur la répartition de la diversité des espèces. Les aires actuelles de répartition de 2 espèces de pin dur, le pin gris (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) et le pin tordu (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) étaient presque entièrement recouvertes par l’inlandsis au moment du maximum glaciaire, il y a 21 000 ans. Ces 2 espèces représentent donc d’excellents modèles pour étudier l’effet de la dernière glaciation sur la diversité génétique des espèces et pour la compréhension des mouvements de colonisation qui ont accompagné le réchauffement climatique de l’Holocène. L’utilisation de marqueurs génétiques de l’ADN mitochondrial et chloroplastique a permis de détecter une structure géographique marquée pour chacune des 2 espèces, permettant de mettre en évidence plusieurs éléments du paysage ayant favorisé la différenciation génétique de sous-groupes durant l’ère glaciaire. Ces marqueurs ont aussi permis de détecter une introgression naturelle entre ces espèces ainsi que des fluctuations de leurs répartitions au cours de l’Holocène. Les contextes historique, théorique et méthodologique sont aussi abordés de façon à permettre la comparaison avec d’autres espèces du biome boréal.
Mots-clés :
- génétique,
- histoire glaciaire,
- phylogéographie,
- Pinus banksiana,
- Pinus contorta
Abstract
Phylogeography is a field of science that uses genetics tools to understand how historical events have shaped the genetic diversity of species. The current natural ranges of 2 North American hard pines species, jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.), were almost completely covered by ice sheets during the last glacial maximum, 21,000 years ago. For this reason, these 2 species represent excellent models for studying the effect of the last glacial period on genetic diversity. Furthermore, they help provide a global image of colonization pathways used by species as the climate became warmer at the beginning of the Holocene. The use of DNA markers from chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes allowed detection of a geographical structure for each species. This structure results from landscape features that altered gene flow between sub-groups of populations, so favouring genetic differentiation between such groups during the glacial era. Natural introgression between the 2 species and fluctuations in their natural ranges that would have occurred during the Holocene, were also detected using the genetic tools developed. Historical, theoretical and methodological contexts are also presented to allow comparisons of these results with those from other species within the boreal ecosystem.
Keywords:
- genetic,
- glaciation history,
- phylogeography,
- Pinus banksiana,
- Pinus contorta
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Parties annexes
Note biographique
Julie Godbout est actuellement stagiaire postdoctorale au Service canadien des forêts (Ressources naturelles Canada) à Québec. Elle est spécialisée en génétique des populations forestières et ce manuscrit constitue un résumé de ses travaux de doctorat réalisés sous la supervision de Jean Bousquet.
Jean Bousquet est professeur titulaire à la Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique de l’Université Laval. Ses recherches portent sur la génomique des arbres.
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