Résumés
Résumé
L’acide lysophosphatidique (LPA) est un phospholipide. Intermédiaire métabolique de synthèse des glycérolipides, le LPA peut se retrouver en solution (lié à l’albumine) dans divers liquides biologiques (sang, liquide d’ascite, humeurs) où il se comporte comme un puissant médiateur biologique au même titre que d’autres lipides comme les eicosanoïdes, le platelet activating factor ou la sphingosine-1-phosphate. L’objectif de cet article est de faire un bilan des connaissances actuelles sur le métabolisme (synthèse, dégradation), les mécanismes d’action (récepteurs, effecteurs intracellulaires) et les possibles implications physiopathologiques (cardiovasculaires, cancer, reproduction, obésité) du LPA que nous appellerons « bioactif » pour le distinguer du LPA « structural » impliqué dans la formation des membranes cellulaires et la synthèse des lipides neutres.
Summary
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a « bioactive » phospholipid able to generate growth factor-like activities in a wide variety of normal and malignant cell types. LPA is proposed to play an important role in normal physiological situations such as wound healing, vascular tone, vascular integrity, or reproduction. In parallel, LPA could also be involved in the etiology of some diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, or obesity. The bioactivity of LPA is mediated by the activation of specific G-protein coupled receptors (LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3) leading to the activation of a number of intracellular effectors. LPA is present in solution (bound to albumin) in various extracellular fluids (blood, ascites, aqueous humor), and is released in vitro by some cell types such as platelets, cancer cells, or adipocytes. LPA is a rather polar phospholipid, which cannot easily diffuse throughout plasma membrane, and its presence outside the cells requires soluble phospholipases (secreted phospholipase A2 and soluble lysophospholipase D/autotaxin), which synthesize LPA directly in the extracellular milieu, from precursors such as phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine. In the future, LPA receptors, as well as the enzymes involved in LPA metabolism, will constitute promising pharmacological and transgenic targets to determine the physiopathological relevance of « bioactive » LPA in vivo.
Parties annexes
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