Résumés
Résumé
La médecine classique ne sait pas réparer les tissus vitaux comme le foie, le cerveau, les muscles ou le pancréas lorsqu’ils sont atteints par un processus pathologique ou une dégénérescence liée à l’âge. Même si ces tissus contiennent des cellules souches, celles-ci ne remplissent pas cette mission de réparation spontanément, et on ne sait ni les isoler, ni les activer ex vivo. On comprend donc l’enthousiasme soulevé par l’observation selon laquelle les cellules de la moelle osseuse - qui contient entre autres les cellules souches hématopoïétiques utilisées en transplantation depuis des décennies - participaient à la formation d’autres tissus, dont le foie, le muscle et le cerveau, et bien d’autres encore. C’était le début de la fulgurante, mais éphémère, carrière de deux mots, « plasticité » et « transdifférenciation », mais également d’une campagne médiatique imprudente et source de grande confusion, promettant pour demain la régénération de tous nos organes, espoir déguisé d’immortalité. Maintenant que les mécanismes sous-jacents à ces observations commencent à être mieux compris, que la réalité d’une application thérapeutique efficace immédiate s’estompe, on peut tenter de faire, dans la sérénité, le point sur ces acteurs virtuels que sont les cellules souches, sur ce que nous disent réellement les expériences, et pourquoi elles ont entraîné tant de controverses.
Summary
Recent unexpected observations in adult rodents that stem/progenitor cells located in the bone marrow, but also in other tissues, could, after their transplantation to an irradiated host contribute to the regeneration of damaged organs such as brain, liver, pancreas or muscle, have raised much hope for future therapeutic applications. These data have also initially been interpreted as a proof of a possible transdifferentiation or plasticity of adult stem cells located in these tissues. Additional experiments rigorously analyzed have tempered initial enthusiasm, by showing that if marrow cells do migrate in damaged muscles and liver, their contribution to organ repair is low, and in some cases, explained by cell fusion. Nevertheless, among bone marrow cells, two categories of stem cells now emerge that have a potentially tremendous interest in cell therapy, if we succeed in understanding how to purify, amplify and differentiate these more efficiently and reproducibly.
Parties annexes
Références
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