Résumés
Résumé
Au moment de la placentation, l’embryon s’entoure d’une couche de trophoblaste où s’organisent l’arborisation des villosités et la circulation utéro-placentaire. L’analyse des modalités de l’arrivée du sang maternel a mis en évidence une hypoxie physiologique s’interrompant en fin de premier trimestre. De plus, les cultures d’explants villositaires ont montré le rôle de l’oxygène dans la prolifération du trophoblaste extravillositaire, l’invasion de la décidue et le remodelage des artères spiralées. L’oxygène apparaît maintenant comme un facteur clé dans le mécanisme de la placentation en raison du contrôle qu’il exerce sur la transcription de certains gènes. Ce contrôle s’effectue grâce à une molécule sensible à la pression partielle d’oxygène. On attribue à l’oxygène un rôle dans la genèse de plusieurs pathologies de la grossesse. Il est notamment mis en cause dans la séquence des événements conduisant à la pré-éclampsie. Des corrélations ont été mises en évidence entre l’environnement en oxygène et l’arborisation anormale des villosités, dans le retard de croissance intra-utérin, ou lors de situations comme l’anémie maternelle ou la gestation en altitude.
Summary
At the time of placentation, the conceptus surrounds itself with a trophoblastic layer where the villous tree develops and the uteroplacental circulation takes place. Analysis of the modalities of maternal blood entrance demonstrated a physiological hypoxia ending with the first trimester of pregnancy. Moreover, cultures of first trimester villous explants have shown the role of oxygen in extravillous cytotrophoblast proliferation, decidual invasion and spiral artery remodeling. Oxygen appears to be a key factor controlling the mechanism of placentation by regulating the transcription of several genes, such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), leptin, etc. These genes are turned on or off as a function of oxygen partial pressure via an oxygen sensor. Oxygen is now considered to be implicated in the development of several pathologies of pregnancy. It is involved at different steps in the cascade of events leading to preeclampsia. Positive correlations have been observed between oxygen partial pressure and abnormal development of the villous tree in intrauterine growth retardation, and in maternal anemia or pregnancy in altitude.
Parties annexes
Références
- 1. Hertig AT, Rock J, Adams EC. A description of 34 human ova within the first 17 days of development. Am J Anat 1956; 98: 435-93.
- 2. Hustin J, Schaaps JP. Echographic and anatomic studies of the maternotrophoblastic border during the first trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 162-8.
- 3. Jaffe R, Jauniaux E, Hustin J. Maternal circulation in the first-trimester human placenta-myth or reality? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 695-705.
- 4. Pijnenborg R, Bland JM, Robertson WB, Brosens I. Uteroplacental arterial changes related to interstitial trophoblast migration in early human pregnancy. Placenta 1983; 4: 397-413.
- 5. Kurjak A, Kupesic S, Hafner T, Kos M, Kostovic-Knezevic L, Grbesa D. Conflicting data on intervillous circulation in early pregnancy. J Perinat Med 1997; 25: 225-36.
- 6. Challier JC. Molécules d’adhérence dans l’implantation et la placentation. In: Merviel P, Challier JC, Foidart JM, Uzan S, eds. Implantation et placentation. Paris: Masson, 2001 : 51-60.
- 7. Hamilton WJ, Boyd JD. Development of the human placenta in the first three months of gestation. J Anat 1960; 94: 297-328.
- 8. Kaufmann P, Benirschke K. Early development of the human placenta. In: Pathology of the human placenta. New York: Springer, 1999 : 42-9.
- 9. Burton GJ, Jauniaux E, Watson AL. Maternal arterial connections to the placental intervillous space during the first trimester of human pregnancy: the Boyd collection revisited. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 718-24.
- 10. Alouini S, Carbillon L, Perrot N, Uzan M, Uzan S. Intervillous and spiral artery flow in normal pregnancies between 5 and 10 weeks of amenorrhea using color doppler ultrasonography. Fetal Diagn Ther 2002; 17: 163-6.
- 11. Carbillon L, Challier JC, Alouini S, Uzan M, Uzan S. Uteroplacental circulation development: Doppler assessment and clinical importance. Placenta 2001; 22: 795-9.
- 12. Damsky CH, Fitzgerald ML, Fisher SJ, Distribution patterns of extracellular matrix components and adhesion receptors are intricately modulated during first trimester cytotrophoblast differentiation along the invasive pathway, in vivo. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 210-22.
- 13. Goffin F, Maquoi E, Foidart JM. Placentation et métalloprotéases. In: Merviel P, Challier JC, Foidart JM, Uzan S, eds. Implantation et placentation. Paris: Masson, 2001 : 63-94.
- 14. Rodesch F, Simon P, Donner C, Jauniaux E. Oxygen measurements in endometrial and trophoblastic tissues during early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 283-5.
- 15. Jauniaux E, Watson AL, Hempstock J, Bao YP, Skepper JN, Burton GJ. Onset of maternal arterial blood flow and placental oxidative stress. A possible factor in human early pregnancy failure. Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 2111-22.
- 16. Genbacev O, Schubach SA, Miller RK. Villous culture of first trimester human placenta-model to study extravillous trophoblast (EVT) differentiation. Placenta 1992; 13: 439-61.
- 17. Genbacev O, Zhou Y, Ludlow JW, Fisher SJ. Regulation of human placental development by oxygen tension. Science 1997; 277: 1669-72.
- 18. Caniggia I, Mostachfi H, Winter J, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mediates the biological effects of oxygen on human trophoblast differentiation through TGFβ3. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 577-87.
- 19. Caniggia I, Taylor CV, Ritchie JW, Lye SJ, Letarte M. Endoglin regulates trophoblast differentiation along the invasive pathway in human placental villous explants. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 4977-88.
- 20. Huppertz B, Frank HG, Reister F, Kingdom J, Korr H, Kaufmann P. Apoptosis cascade progresses during turnover of human trophoblast: analysis of villous cytotrophoblast and syncytial fragments in vitro. Lab Invest 1999; 79: 1687-702.
- 21. Semenza GL, Agani F, Feldser D, et al. Hypoxia, HIF-1, and the pathophysiology of common human diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 475: 123-30.
- 22. Brahimi-Horn C, Berra E, Pouyssegur J. Hypoxia: the tumor’s gateway to progression along the angiogenic pathway. Trends Cell Biol 2001; 11: S32-6.
- 23. Taylor CM, Stevens H, Anthony FW, Wheeler T. Influence of hypoxia on vascular endothelial growth factor and chorionic gonadotrophin production in the trophoblast-derived cell lines: JEG, JAr and BeWo. Placenta 1997; 18: 451-8.
- 24. Grosfeld A, Turban S, Andre J, et al. Transcriptional effect of hypoxia on placental leptin. FEBS Lett 2001; 502: 122-6.
- 25. Jauniaux E, Zaidi J, Jurkovic D, Campbell S, Hustin J. Comparison of colour Doppler features and pathological findings in complicated early pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 2432-7.
- 26. Damsky CH, Fisher SJ. Trophoblast pseudo-vasculogenesis: faking it with endothelial adhesion receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1998; 10: 660-6.
- 27. Chappell L, Bewley S. Pre-eclamptic toxaemia: the role of uterine artery Doppler. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 379-82.
- 28. Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL. Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 499-506.
- 29. Zhou Y, Damsky CH, Chiu K, Roberts JM, Fisher SJ. Preeclampsia is associated with abnormal expression of adhesion molecules by invasive cytotrophoblasts. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 950-60.
- 30. Frendo JL, Therond P, Bird T, et al. Overexpression of copper zinc superoxide dismutase impairs human trophoblast cell fusion and differentiation. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 3638-48.
- 31. Morris NH, Sooranna SR, Learmont JG, et al. Nitric oxide synthase activities in placental tissue from normotensive, pre-eclamptic and growth retarded pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102: 711-4.
- 32. Granger JP, Alexander BT, Llinas MT, Bennett WA, Khalil RA. Pathophysiology of preeclampsia: linking placental ischemia/hypoxia with microvascular dysfunction. Microcirculation 2002; 9: 147-60.
- 33. Knight M, Redman CW, Linton EA, Sargent IL. Shedding of syncytiotrophoblast microvilli into the maternal circulation in pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 632-40.
- 34. Kaufmann P, Luckhardt M, Schweikhart G, Cantle SJ. Cross-sectional features and three-dimensional structure of human placental villi. Placenta 1987; 8: 235-47.
- 35. Krebs C, Macara LM, Leiser R, Bowman AW, Greer IA, Kingdom JC. Intrauterine growth restriction with absent end-diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery is associated with maldevelopment of the placental terminal villous tree. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 1534-42.
- 36. Macara L, Kingdom JC, Kaufmann P, et al. Structural analysis of placental terminal villi from growth-restricted pregnancies with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms. Placenta 1996; 17 : 37-48.
- 37. Kingdom JC, Kaufmann P. Oxygen and placental villous development: origins of fetal hypoxia. Placenta 1997; 18: 613-21.
- 38. Ahmed A, Dunk C, Ahmad S, Khaliq A. Regulation of placental vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placenta growth factor (PlGF) and soluble Flt-1 by oxygen: a review. Placenta 2000; 21: S16-24.
- 39. Challier JC, Vervelle C, Uzan S. Ontogenesis of villi and fetal vessels in the human placenta. Fetal Diagn Ther 2001; 16: 218-26.
- 40. Challier JC. Environnement et consommation en O2 dans l’unité utéro-foeto-placentaire. Reprod Hum Horm 2002; 4: 225-9.