Résumés
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the cosmopolitan idea of “postnationality” and multicultural concepts of citizenship, biculturalism continues to have a lasting impact upon Canadian institutions and group loyalties. This article constitutes the first empirical investigation of affiliations among the two largest official minority language groups in Canada, Anglo-Quebecers and Franco-Ontarians. Concurring with previous research, the study finds that organizational engagement predicts stronger socio-territorial affiliations. Furthermore, evidence shows that, Franco-Ontarians are 1) less likely to be cosmopolitan than Anglo-Quebecers, 2) about equally likely to be attached to the Canadian national identity as Anglo-Quebecers, 3) more likely to identify with their province than Anglo-Quebecers, and 4) more likely to have a strong affiliation with their local polity than Anglo-Quebecers. Taken together, the findings suggest that cosmopolitanism might work better for majorities than minorities, and as a consequence for Anglophones than Francophones even when the former are in a minority setting.
Keywords:
- official language minority,
- cosmopolitanism,
- localism,
- socio-territorial affiliations,
- Canada,
- modelling
Résumé
Malgré la popularité de l’idée de « post-nationalité » et de citoyenneté multiculturelle, l’influence du biculturalisme persiste au sein des institutions canadiennes et des appartenances de groupe. Cet article constitue la première étude empirique des appartenances des deux plus grandes minorités de langue officielle au Canada, les Anglo-Québécois et les Franco-Ontariens. En phase avec la littérature, les résultats démontrent que l’engagement organisationnel permet de prédire une plus forte identification avec les différentes entités socio-territoriales. Les résultats démontrent également que, comparativement aux Anglo-Québécois, les Franco-Ontariens 1) s’identifient moins fortement comme cosmopolites, 2) environ autant comme Canadiens, 3) davantage à leur province, et 4) à leur polité locale. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats suggèrent que le cosmopolitisme correspond davantage aux attitudes des groupes majoritaires que minoritaires et, en conséquence, à celles des anglophones que des francophones, même lorsque les premiers se trouvent dans un contexte minoritaire.
Mots-clés :
- minorité de langue officielle,
- cosmopolitisme,
- localisme,
- appartenance socio-territoriale,
- Canada,
- modélisation
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Beck, U. (2002). The cosmopolitan society and its enemies. Theory, Culture & Society, 19(1-2), 17-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/026327640201900101
- Bilodeau, A., White, S. & Nevitte, N. (2010). The development of dual loyalties: Immigrants’ integration to Canadian regional dynamics”. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 43(3), 515-44.
- Blais, A. (1991). Le clivage linguistique au Canada. Recherches Sociographiques, 32(1) 43-54.
- Bock, M. (2010). De la “tradition” à la “participation” : les années 1960 et les mouvements de jeunesse franco-ontariens. Cahiers Charlevoix, 8, 111-196.
- Bonin, P.-O. (2020). Relative deprivation and perceived discrimination among Quebec’s English-speaking minority communities: “Second-class citizens” in a multi-national context? In A.-G. Gagnon & A. Tremblay (Eds.), Federalism and national diversity in the 21st century (p. 241–268). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Bruter, M. (2008). Legitimacy, euroscepticism & identity in the European Union – Problems of measurement, modelling & paradoxical patterns of influence. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 4(4), 273-285.
- Bruter, M. (2003). Winning hearts and minds for Europe. The impact of news and symbols on civic and cultural European identity. Comparative Political Studies, 36(10), 1148-1179.
- Calhoun, C. (2008). Cosmopolitanism and nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 14(3), 427-48.
- Cameron, D., & Simeon, R. (2009). Language matters. UBC Press.
- Canadian Press, The (2018, November 23). Ontario creates new French commissioner job after days of backlash over cuts. Toronto Star. Retrieved March 21, 2019 from https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/11/23/ontario-creates-new-french-commissioner-job-after-days-of-backlash-over-cuts.html]
- Cárdenas, D., & de la Sablonnière, R. (2020). Participating in a new group and the identification processes: The quest for a positive social identity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(1), 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12340
- Cardinal, L. (2012). Language regimes in Canada and in Quebec: From competition to collaboration? RECODE Working Paper Series, European Science Foundation, University of Helsinki, Online Working Paper, n° 2, 13 p.
- Cardinal, L., Dorais, F.-O. & Plante, N. (2012). Le milieu associatif francophone d’Ottawa : vitalité, appartenance et engagement. Chaire de recherche sur la francophonie et les politiques publiques. Université d’Ottawa.
- Cardinal, L., & Normand, M. (2011). Des accents distincts : les régimes linguistiques ontarien et québécois. In J.-F. Savard, A. Brassard, & L. Côté (Eds.), Les relations Québec-Ontario. Un destin partagé (p. 131-58). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Cardinal, L., & Sonntag, S. K. (2015). State traditions and language regimes. Kingston; McGill-Queen’s Press.
- CBC News. (2018). Franco-Ontarians “disappointed” by cuts to French services. CBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2019 from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/franco-ontarian-frustrated-with-provincial-cuts-1.4910288
- Chouinard, S. (2012). Quel avenir pour le projet autonomiste des communautés Francophones en situation minoritaire ? Réflexion sur les politiques publiques canadiennes en matière de langues officielles. Minorités Linguistiques et Société = Linguistic Minorities and Society, (1), 195-213. https://doi.org/10.7202/1009215ar
- Corbeil, J.-P., Chavez, B., & Pereira, D. (2010). Portrait of official-language minorities in Canada– Anglophones in Quebec. Retrieved July 16, 2019 from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/89-642-x/89-642-x2010002-eng.pdf?st=TrrvfzXp
- Corbeil, J.-P., & Lafrenière, S. (2010). Portrait of official-language minorities in Canada: Francophones in Ontario. Retrieved July 16, 2019 from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/89-642-x/89-642-x2010001-eng.pdf?st=Ps6L5n2C
- Dupuis, S. (2010). La (contre)-culture étudiante du nord Ontarien et le lambda de l’Université Laurentienne (1960-1971). In A. Bourbeau (Ed.), Engagement et contestation : La jeunesse Franco-Ontarienne (1960-1993) (pp. 11-41). La Société historique du Nouvel-Ontario.
- Fowler, J. H., & Kam, C. D. (2007). Beyond the self: Social identity, altruism, and political participation. The Journal of Politics, 69(3), 813-827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00577.x
- Freynet, N., & Clément, R. (2015). Bilingualism in minority settings in Canada: Integration or assimilation? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 46, 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.023
- Henderson, A. (2004). Regional political cultures in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 37(3), 595-615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423904030707
- Igartua, J. E. (2006). The other quiet revolution. National identities in English Canada, 1945-71. University of Toronto Press.
- Ignatieff, M. (2017). The ordinary virtues: Moral order in a divided world. Harvard University Press.
- Jochim, A. E., & May, P. J. (2010). Beyond subsystems: Policy regimes and governance. Policy Studies Journal, 38(2), 303-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00363.x
- Khan, S. S., Hopkins, N., Reicher, S., Tewari, S., Srinivasan, N. & Stevenson, C. (2016). How collective participation impacts social identity: A longitudinal study from India. Political Psychology, 37(3), 309-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12260
- Klandermans, P. G. (2014). Identity politics and politicized identities: Identity processes and the dynamics of protest. Political Psychology, 35(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12167
- Kymlicka, W. (2012). A new deal for OLMC’s? Three challenges. Minorités linguistiques et société = Linguistic Minorities and Society, 1, 248-258. https://doi.org/10.7202/1009218ar
- Kymlicka, W., & Walker, K. (2012). Rooted cosmopolitanism: Canada and the world. UBC Press.
- Landry, R. (Ed.) (2014). Life in an official minority language in Canada. Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities. Retrieved July 16, 2019 from https://www.icrml.ca/en/contact-us/download/133/8707/47
- Landry, R., Allard, R., & Deveau, K. (2007). A macroscopic intergroup approach to the study of ethnolinguistic development. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 185, 225-253.
- Laponce, J. (2001). Politics and the law of Babel. Social Science Information, 40(2), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F053901801040002001
- Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2014). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata. Stata Press.
- Mann, J. (2016). The search for a new national identity: The rise of multiculturalism in Canada and Australia. Peter Lang.
- Martel, M. (1998). Le Canada français : récit de sa formulation et de son éclatement, 1850-1967. Canadian Historical Association. Retrieved July 16, 2019 from https://cha-shc.ca/_uploads/5c375941e6171.pdf
- May, P. J., & Jochim, A. E. (2013). Policy regime perspectives: Policies, politics, and governing. Policy Studies Journal, 41(3), 426-52.
- McDougall, A. (2019). Connecting power to protection: The political bases of language commissioners in Canada. Canadian Public Administration, 62(1), 77-95.
- McRoberts, K. (1997). Misconceiving Canada: The struggle for national unity. Oxford University Press.
- Medeiros, M. (2017a). Not just about Quebec: Accounting for Francophones’ attitudes towards Canada. French Politics, 15(2), 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-017-0028-7
- Medeiros, M. (2017b). Refining the influence of language on national attachment: Exploring linguistic threat perceptions in Quebec. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 23(4), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2017.1380457
- Medeiros, M. (2019). National frenemies: Linguistic intergroup attitudes in Canada. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(16), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1406610
- Mendelsohn, M., & Matthews, J. S. (2010). The new Ontario: The shifting attitudes of Ontarians toward the federation. Retrieved July 16, 2019 from https://munkschool.utoronto.ca/mowatcentre/wp-content/uploads/publications/1_the_new_ontario.pdf
- Milan, A. (2005). Willing to participate: Political engagement of young adults. Canadian Social Trends, 2-7.
- Ministry of Francophone Affairs. (2020). Statement from the minister of Francophone affairs on the appointment of a new French language services commissioner. Retrieved December 20, 2020 from https://news.ontario.ca/en/statement/55314/statement-from-the-minister-of-francophone-affairs-on-the-appointment-of-a-new-french-language-servi
- Moran, A. (2020, O). Globalisation, postnationalism and Australia. Journal of Sociology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1440783320964542
- Norusis, M. (2005). SPSS 13.0 advanced statistical procedures companion. Prentice Hall.
- Office of Francophone Affairs, Ontario. (2018). Government services in French. Retrieved March 20, 2019 from https://www.ontario.ca/page/government-services-french
- Office québécois de la langue française. (2018). Organismes municipaux et l’article 29.1. Retrieved March 22, 2019 from https://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/francisation/admin_publ/rec291.html
- Ontario. (2004). Politique d’aménagement linguistique de l’Ontario. Retrieved March 21, 2019 from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/fre/document/policy/linguistique/linguistique.pdf
- Ontario. (2005). Ontario’s Aménagement Linguistique Policy. Retrieved March 21, 2019 from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/policy/linguistique/linguistique.pdf
- Oskooii, K. A.R. (2018). Perceived discrimination and political behavior. British Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 867-892. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783320964542
- Pichler, F. (2009). “Down-to-Earth” cosmopolitanism: Subjective and objective measurements of cosmopolitanism in survey research. Current Sociology, 57(5), 704-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392109337653
- Pichler, F. (2011). Cosmopolitanism in a global perspective: An international comparison of open-minded orientations and identity in relation to globalization. International Sociology, 27(1), 21-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580911422980
- Pocock, J. (2019). Baseline data report 2018-2019 part 1 (telephone survey) English-Language health and social services access in Québec.
- Pollini, G. (2005). Elements of a theory of place attachment and socio-territorial belonging. International Review of Sociology, 15(3), 497-515. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906700500272483
- Portes, A. (2000). Globalization from below: The rise of transnational communities. In Don Kalb (Ed.), The ends of globalization: Bringing society back in (pp. 253-72). Rowman and Littlefield.
- Québec Ministère du Conseil exécutif. (2017). The Secretariat for relations with English-Speaking Quebecers is officially launched. Retrieved March 21, 2019 from https://www.mce.gouv.qc.ca/ministere/centre_presse/srqea/2017-11-24-en.htm
- Reese, G., Berthold, A., & Steffens, M. C. (2012). We are the world–and they are not: Prototypicality for the world community, legitimacy, and responses to global inequality. Political Psychology, 33(5), 683-700. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00892.x
- Richez, E. (2012). Francophone minority communities: The last constitutional standard-bearers of Trudeau’s language regime. Francophonies, Interculturality, Cultures and Strategies, (45-46), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.7202/1009893ar
- Roudometof, V. (2005). Transnationalism, cosmopolitanism and glocalization. Current Sociology, 53(1), 113-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392105048291
- Russell, P. H. (2004). Constitutional odyssey: Can Canadians become a sovereign people?. University of Toronto Press.
- Schaffer, S. (2012). Cosmopolitanizing cosmopolitism. In Will Kymlicka & Kathryn Walker (Eds.), Rooted cosmopolitanism: Canada and the world (pp. 129-55). UBC Press.
- Simeon, R., & Elkins, D. J. (1974). Regional political cultures in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 7(3), 397-437.
- Skrbis, Z., & Woodward, I. (2007). The Ambivalence of ordinary cosmopolitanism: Investigating the limits of cosmopolitan openness. TheSociological Review, 55(4), 730-747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00750.x
- Statistics Canada. (2017). Montreal [Census metropolitan area], Quebec and Quebec [Province] (table). Census Profile. Retrieved May 28, 2019 from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1
- Strijbis, O., & Teney, C. (2017). The cosmopolitanism of elites. In many countries, the population as a whole tends to be nationally minded. In WZB Report, 26-28.
- Teney, C., & Helbling, M. (2014). How denationalization divides elites and citizens. Zeitschrift Fur Soziologie, 43(4), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2014-0402
- The Canadian Press. (2018, November 23). Doug Ford backtracks after days of backlash over cuts to Francophone institutions. The Globe and Mail.
- Thériault, J. Y., & Meunier, E.-M. (2008). Que reste-t-il de l’intention vitale du Canada français ? In J. Y. Thériault, A. Gilbert, & L. Cardinal (Eds.), L’espace francophone en milieu minoritaire au Canada : nouveaux enjeux, nouvelles mobilisations (pp. 205-238). Fides.
- Turgeon, L., Bilodeau, A., White, S. E., Henderson, A. & Gagnon, A.-G. (2019). Symbolic predispositions, interests and official languages legislation: exploring the principle-implementation gap in Canada. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1-19.
- UCLA. (2019). Ordered logistic regression. Stata data analysis examples. Retrieved June 11, 2019 from https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/stata/dae/ordered-logistic-regression/
- van der Zwet, A. (2015). Operationalising national identity: The cases of the Scottish National Party and Frisian National Party. Nations and Nationalism, 21(1), 62-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12091
- Vertovec, S., & Cohen, R. (2002). Introduction: Conceiving cosmopolitanism. In S. Vertovec & R. Cohen (Eds.), Conceiving cosmopolitanism: Theory, context and practice (pp. 1-22). Oxford University Press.
- Wesley, J. J. (2013). Comparative provincial election project. University of Alberta.
- Williams, R. (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds model for ordinal dependent variables. The Stata Journal, 6(1), 58-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0600600104
- Williams, R. (2016). Understanding and interpreting generalized ordered logit models. Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 40(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2015.1112384