Résumés
Abstract
This two-part study aims to examine the moderating effect of ethnic identity strength on the relationship between ethnic identity profiles and mental health among Acadian university students who occupy a relative minority or majority status in the province of New Brunswick. Study 1 tested the factorial structure of an ethnic identity profile measure for Acadian students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor model, resulting in Affirmation, Detachment and Insecurity profiles. In Study 2, results of the moderation analysis revealed that the combination of a strong ethnic identity and an Affirmation profile provides protection against mental health issues for minority-status Acadian students, but not for majority-status Acadian students. Conversely, the combinations of a strong ethnic identity with the Detachment and Insecurity profiles increased the vulnerability of minority-status Acadian students to mental health issues, but not that of majority-status students.
Keywords:
- ethnic identity,
- ethnic identity profiles,
- numerical status,
- Acadians,
- mental health
Résumé
Cette étude à deux parties vise à établir l’effet modérateur de la force de l’identité ethnique sur la relation entre les profils identitaires et la santé mentale des étudiants universitaires acadiens qui occupent un statut numérique minoritaire ou un statut numérique majoritaire au Nouveau-Brunswick. L’étude 1 tente d’établir la structure factorielle d’une mesure des profils identitaires chez les étudiants acadiens. Des analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires soutiennent un modèle factoriel à trois facteurs, notamment les profils identitaires Affirmation, Détachement et Insécurité. Les résultats d’une analyse de covariance à l’étude 2 révèlent que la combinaison d’une identité ethnique forte et du profil Affirmation protège la santé mentale des étudiants acadiens minoritaires, mais non celle de ceux qui sont majoritaires. À l’opposé, les combinaisons d’une identité ethnique forte et des profils Détachement et Insécurité rendent les étudiants acadiens minoritaires vulnérables à des problèmes de santé mentale, mais non les étudiants acadiens majoritaires.
Mots-clés :
- identité ethnique,
- profils identitaires,
- statut numérique,
- Acadiens,
- santé mentale
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Beaton, Ann M., and Francine Tougas (1997). “The representation of women in management: the more the merrier?,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 23, pp. 773-782.
- Bentler, Peter M. (2006). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
- Bentler, Peter M., and Eric J. Wu (2015). EQS 6.3 for Windows (Build 110). Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
- Berry, John W., Uichol Kim, S. Power, M. Y. Young, and Merridee Bujaki (1989). “Acculturation attitudes in plural societies,” Applied Psychology: An International Review, vol. 38, pp. 185-206.
- Boudreau, Annette (2016). À l’ombre de la langue légitime. L’Acadie dans la francophonie. Paris: Classiques Garnier.
- Boudreau, Annette, and Lise Dubois (1991). “L’insécurité linguistique comme entrave à l’apprentissage du français,” Revue de l’association canadienne de linguistique appliquée, vol. 13, n° 2, pp. 37-50.
- Boudreau, Annette, and Lise Dubois (1992). “Insécurité linguistique et diglossie : étude comparative de deux régions de l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick,” Revue de l’Université de Moncton, vol. 25, nos 1-2, pp. 3-22.
- Boudreau, Annette, and Lise Dubois (2001). “Langues minoritaires et espaces publics : le cas de l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick,” Estudios de Sociolingüistica, vol. 2, n° 1, pp. 37-60.
- Boudreau, Annette, and Lise Dubois (2005). “L’affichage à Moncton : miroir ou masque ?,” Revue de l’Université de Moncton, vol. 36, n° 1, pp. 185-217.
- Branscombe, Nyla R., Michael T. Schmitt, and Richard D. Harvey (1999). “Perceiving pervasive discrimination among Africain Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 77, n° 1, pp. 135-149.
- Corbeil, Jean-Pierre, Claude Grenier, and Sylvie Lafrenière (2006). Les minorités prennent la parole : résultats de l’Enquête sur la vitalité des minorités de langue officielle, (Report no 91-548-X). Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
- Cronin, Tracey J., Shana Levin, Nyla R. Branscombe, Colette van Laar, and Linda R. Tropp (2012). “Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students,” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, vol. 15, pp. 393-407.
- Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (2014). The Linguistic and Cultural Development Policy. Online: http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/ed/pdf/K12/comm/LinguisticAndCulturalDevelopmentPolicy.pdf.
- Derogatis, Leonard R., Ronald S. Lipman, Karl Rickels, E.H. Uhlenhuth, and Lino Covi (1974). “The Hopkins symptom checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory,” Behavioral Science, vol. 19, pp. 1-15.
- Fournier, Lison (2013). Processus d’identification et stratégies identitaires des Acadiens du Nouveau-Brunswick. Master’s thesis, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. Online: https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/9813/fournier_lison_2013memoire.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
- Garneau, Stéphanie, Caroline Bouchard and Annie Pilote (2013). “Enquête sur les carrières scolaires des étudiants francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick : offre locale de formation, orientation scolaire et ressources sociales,” Revue des Sciences de l’Éducation, vol. 39, n° 2, pp. 361-385.
- Garstka, Teri A., Michael T. Schmitt, Nyla R. Branscombe, and Mary Lee Hummert (2004). “How young and older adults differ in their responses to perceived age discrimination,” Psychology and Aging, vol. 19, pp. 326-335.
- Giamo, Lisa S., Michael T. Schmitt, and Robert Outten (2012). “Perceived discrimination, group identification, and life satisfaction among multiracial people: A test of the rejection identification mode,” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, vol. 18, n° 4, pp. 319-328.
- González, Roberto, and Rupert Brown (2005). “Dual identities in intergroup contact: Group status and group moderate the generalization of positive attitude change,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 42, n° 6, pp. 753-767.
- Haslam, S. Alexander, Jolanda Jetten, Tom Postmes, and Catherine Haslam (2009). “Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology,” Applied Psychology: An International Review, vol. 58, n° 1, pp. 1-23.
- Hayes, Andrew F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Hayes, Andrew F., and Nicholas J. Rockwood (2016). “Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation,” Behavior Research and Therapy, vol. 98, pp. 39-57.
- Jöreskog, Karl, and Dag Sörbom (1986). LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Mooresville: Scientific Software Inc.
- Kline, Rex B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Lamoureux, Sylvie A. (2005). “Transition scolaire et changements identitaires,” Francophonies d’Amérique, n° 20, pp. 111-121.
- Landry, Rodrigue, and Réal Allard (1994). Profil sociolangagier des francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick. Moncton: Centre de recherche et de développement en éducation.
- McDonald, Roderick P., and Moon-Ho Ringo Ho (2002). “Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses,” Psychological Methods, vol. 7, n° 1, pp. 64-82.
- Noël, Julie, and Ann M. Beaton (2010). “Perceptions de groupes, profils identitaires collectifs et bien-être psychologique : la perspective des jeunes Acadiens du sud-est du Nouveau-Brunswick,” Revue de l’Université de Moncton, vol. 41, n° 1, pp. 211-246.
- Outten, H. Robert, Michael T. Schmitt, Donna M. Garcia, and Nyla R. Branscombe (2009). “Coping Options: Missing Links Between Minority Group Identification and Psychological Well-Being,” Applied Psychology: An International Review, vol. 58, n° 1, pp. 146-170.
- Phinney, Jean S. (1989). “Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents,” Journal of Early Adolescence, vol. 9, pp. 34-49.
- Phinney, Jean S. (1991). “Ethnic identity and self-esteem: A review and integration,” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol. 13, n° 1, pp. 193-208.
- Phinney, Jean S., and Anthony D. Ong (2007). “Conceptualization and Measurement of Ethnic Identity: Current Status and Future Directions,” Journal of Counselling Psychology, vol. 54, n° 3, pp. 271-281.
- Pilote, Annie (2004). La construction de l’identité politique des jeunes en milieu francophone minoritaire : le cas des élèves du centre scolaire communautaire Sainte-Anne à Frédéricton au Nouveau-Brunswick. Doctoral Thesis, Université Laval. Online: http://www.icrml.ca/fr/recherches-et-publications/references/item/71355-la-construction-de-l-identite-politique-des-jeunes-en-milieu-francophone-minoritaire-le-cas-des-eleves-du-centre-scolaire-communautaire-sainte-anne-a-fredericton-au-nouveau-brunswick.
- Pilote, Annie (2006). “Les chemins de la construction identitaire : une typologie des profils d’élèves d’une école secondaire de la minorité francophone,” Éducation et Francophonie, vol. 34, n° 1, pp. 39-53.
- Pilote, Annie, and Jo-Anni Joncas (2016). “La construction identitaire linguistique et culturelle durant un programme universitaire d’éducation en français en milieu minoritaire : le cas de cinq étudiants fransaskois,” Minorités linguistiques et société / Linguistic Minorities and Society, vol. 7, pp. 142-169.
- Pilote, Annie, and Marie-Odile Magnan (2012). “La construction identitaire des jeunes francophones en situation minoritaire au Canada : négociation des frontières linguistiques au fil du parcours universitaire et de la mobilité géographique,” Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, vol. 37, n° 2, pp. 169-194.
- Rhea, Deborah, and Gregory Thatcher (2013). “Ethnicity, ethnic identity, self-esteem, and at-risk eating disordered behavior differences of urban adolescent females,” Eating Disorders, vol. 21, pp. 223-237.
- Romero, Andrea J., and Robert E. Roberts (2003). “The impact of multiple dimensions of ethnic identity on discrimination and adolescents’ self-esteem,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 33, n° 11, pp. 2288-2305.
- Sachdev, Itesh, and Richard Y. Bourhis (1991). “Power and status differentials in minority and majority group relations,” European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 21, n° 1, pp. 1-24.
- Schmitt, Michael T., Nyla R. Branscombe, Tom Postmes, and Amber Garcia (2014). “The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: a meta-analytic review,” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 140, n° 4, pp. 1-28.
- Statistics Canada (2011, May 10). Population selon la langue maternelle, par région métropolitaine, à l’exclusion des résidents d’un établissement institutionnel (Recensement de 2011). Online: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l02/cst01/demo12a-fra.htm.
- Statistics Canada (2011, May 10). Recensement de 2011 – Subdivision de recensement, Edmundston – Nouveau-Brunswick. Online: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-csdra.cfm?Lang=Fra&GK=CSD&GC=1313027.
- Statistics Canada (2011, May 10). Recensement de 2011 – Subdivision de recensement, Shippagan – Nouveau-Brunswick. Online: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-csd-fra.cfm?LANG=Fra&GK=CSD&GC=1315029.
- Statistics Canada (2013, September 18). Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes, santé mentale (ESCC). Online: http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV_f.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5015.
- Steigner, James H. (1990). “Structural model evaluation and modification: An internal estimation approach,” Multivariate Behavioral Research, vol. 25, n° 2, pp. 173-180.
- Tabachnick, Barbara G., and Linda S. Fidell (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th edition). Boston: Pearson Education.
- Taylor, Donald M., and David J. McKirnan (1984). “Theoretical contributions: A five‐stage model of intergroup relations,” British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 23, n° 4, pp. 291-300.
- Umaña-Taylor, Adrianna J. (2004). “Ethnic identity and self-esteem: examining the role of social context,” Journal of Adolescence, vol. 27, n° 2, pp. 139-146.
- Umaña-Taylor, Adrianna J. (2011). “Ethnic identity.” In Seth J. Schwartz, Koen Luyckx and Vivian L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research (pp. 791-810). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
- Umaña-Taylor, Adrianna J, Kimberly A. Updegraff, and Melinda A. Gonzales-Backen (2011). “Mexican-origin adolescent mothers’ stressors and psychosocial functioning: examining ethnic identity affirmation and familism as moderators,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 40, n° 2, pp.140-157.
- Usborne, Esther, and Donald M. Taylor (2010). “The role of cultural identity clarity for self-concept clarity, self-esteem, and subjective well-being,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 36, n° 7, pp. 883-897.
- Wohl, Michael J. A., Benjamin Giguère, Nyla R. Branscombe, and D. Neil McVicar (2011). “One day we might be no more: Collective angst and protective action from potential distinctiveness loss,” European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 41, n° 3, pp. 289-300.
- Wohl, Michael J. A., Nyla R. Branscombe, and Stephen Reysen (2010). “Perceiving your group’s future to be in jeopardy: Extinction threat induces collective angst and the desire to strengthen the ingroup,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 36, n° 7, pp. 898-910.
- Yoon, Eunju (2011). “Measuring ethnic identity in the Ethnic Identity Scale and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised,” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, vol. 17, n° 2, pp. 144-155.
10.7202/011993ar