Résumés
Abstract
This study examines the effect of chief executive officer (CEO) overconfidence on tax avoidance practices. Based on a sample of French-listed firms, the results show that overconfident CEOs engage in high levels of tax avoidance suggesting that the overconfidence bias may lead CEOs’ to behave unethically and use deceitful tactics to avoid taxes. However, board gender diversity mitigates this behavior suggesting that female directors are good monitors on the board. Our findings give insights to policymakers who may consider gender diversity on top management positions in addition to the board of directors to prevent a loss in tax revenues.
Keywords:
- Tax avoidance,
- CEO overconfidence,
- board gender diversity,
- unethical behavior,
- quantile regression
Résumé
Cette étude examine l’effet de la surconfiance du président directeur général (PDG) sur les pratiques d’évitement fiscal. Sur la base d’un échantillon d’entreprises françaises cotées, les résultats montrent que les PDG surconfiants s’engagent dans des niveaux élevés d’évitement fiscal, ce qui suggère que le biais de surconfiance peut conduire les PDG à se comporter de manière non éthique pour éviter les impôts. Cependant, la diversité du genre dans le conseil atténue ce comportement, ce qui suggère que les femmes administrateurs sont des contrôleurs efficaces au sein du conseil. Nos résultats ont des implications importantes pour les législateurs qui pourraient envisager la diversité du genre aux postes de direction en plus du conseil d’administration pour éviter une perte de recettes fiscales.
Mots-clés :
- Évitement fiscal,
- surconfiance des PDG,
- diversité du genre au sein du conseil d’administration,
- comportement non éthique,
- régression quantile
Resumen
Este estudio examina el efecto del exceso de confianza de los consejeros delegados en las prácticas de evasión fiscal. Basándose en una muestra de empresas francesas que cotizan en bolsa, los resultados muestran que los directores generales con exceso de confianza incurren en altos niveles de evasión fiscal, lo que sugiere que el sesgo de exceso de confianza puede llevar a los directores generales a comportarse de forma poco ética y a utilizar tácticas engañosas para evadir impuestos. Sin embargo, la diversidad de género en los consejos de administración mitiga este comportamiento, lo que sugiere que las directoras son buenas vigilantes en el consejo. Nuestras conclusiones ofrecen una visión a los responsables políticos, que pueden considerar la diversidad de género en los puestos de alta dirección, además del consejo de administración, para evitar una pérdida de ingresos fiscales.
Palabras clave:
- Evasión fiscal,
- exceso de confianza de los directores generales,
- diversidad de género en los consejos de administración,
- comportamiento poco ético,
- regresión cuantílica
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Adams, Renée; Ferreira, Daniel (2009). “Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance”. Journal of financial economics, Vol. 94 N° 2, p. 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007
- Aragon, Nicolás; Roulund, Rasmus P. (2020). “Confidence and decision-making in experimental asset markets”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, Vol. 178, p. 688-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.032
- Armstrong, Christopher S.; Blouin, Jennifer L.; Jagolinzer, Alan D.; David A. Larcker (2015). “Corporate governance, incentives, and tax avoidance”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 60, N° 1, p. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2015.02.003
- Atwood, T. J.; Drake, Michael S.; Myers, James N.; Linda A. Myers (2012). “Home Country Tax System Characteristics and Corporate Tax Avoidance: International Evidence”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 87, N° 6, p. 1831-1860. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50222
- Banerjee, Suman.; Humphery-Jenner, Mark.; Vikram, Nanda (2015). “Restraining overconfident CEOs through improved governance: Evidence from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act”, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 28, N° 10, p. 2812-2858. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv034
- Benkraiem, Ramzi; Boubaker, Sabri; Brinette, Souad; Khemiri, Sabrina (2021). “Board feminization and innovation through corporate venture capital investments: the moderating effects of independence and management skills”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 163, p. 120467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120467
- Brahem, Emna; Depoers, Florence; Lakhal, Faten (2021). “Family Control and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Moderating Effect of the Board of Directors”, Management international-Mi, 25 (2), p. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.7202/1077793ar
- Carter, David A.; Simkins, Betty J.; Simpson, Gary W. (2003). “Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value”, Financial Review, Vol. 38, N° 1, p. 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6288.00034
- Chatterjee, Arijit; Donald C. Hambrick (2007). “It’s all about me: Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 52, N° 3, p. 351-386. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.52.3.351
- Chen, Stephen (2010). “The role of ethical leadership versus institutional constraints: A simulation study of financial misreporting by CEOs”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 93, N° 1, p. 33-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0625-8
- Chyz, James A.; Gaertner, Fabio B.; Kausar, Asad.; Luke, Watson (2019). “Overconfidence and corporate tax policy”, Review of Accounting Studies, Vol, 24, N° 3, p. 1114-1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-019-09494-z
- Cohen, Jeffrey R.; Pant, Laurie W.; Sharp, David J. (1998). “The effect of gender and academic discipline diversity on the ethical evaluations, ethical intentions and ethical orientation of potential public accounting recruits”, Accounting Horizons, Vol. 12, p. 250-270.
- Cohen, Jeffrey R.; Pant, Laurie W.; Sharp, David J. (2001), “An Examination of Differences in Ethical Decision-Making Between Canadian Business Students and Accounting Professionals”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.30, p. 319-336. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010745425675
- Collins, Denis (2000). “The quest to improve the human condition: The first 1 500 articles published in Journal of Business Ethics”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 26, N° 1, p. 1-73. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006358104098
- Cumming, Douglas.; Leung, Tan Y.; Oliver, Rui (2015). “Gender diversity and securities fraud”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 58, N° 5, p. 1572-1593. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0750
- Dawson, Leslie M. (1997). “Ethical differences between men and women in the sales profession”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 16, p. 1143-1152. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005721916646
- Desai, Mihir A.; Dhammika, Dharmapala (2006) “Corporate tax avoidance and high-powered incentives”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 79, N° 1, p. 145-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.02.002
- Desai, Mihir A.; Dhammika, Dharmapala (2009) “Corporate tax avoidance and firm value”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 91, N° 3, p. 537-546.
- Deshmukh, Sanjay.; Goel, Anand M.; Keith M. Howe (2013). “CEO overconfidence and dividend policy”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 22, N° 3, p. 440-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2013.02.003
- Doyle, E., Frecknall-Hughes, J., and Summers, J. (2014). Ethics in tax practice: A study of the effect of practitioner firm size. Journal of Business Ethics 122(4),p. 623-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1780-5
- Dyreng, Scott D.; Hanlon, Michelle.; Edward L. Maydew (2010). “The effects of executives on corporate tax avoidance”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 85, N° 4, p. 1163-1189. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.4.1163
- Grosch, Kerstin; Rau, Holger A. (2017). “Gender differences in honesty: The role of social value orientation”. Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 62, p. 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.07.008
- Gupta, S., & Newberry, K. (1997). “Determinants of the variability on corporate effective tax Rates: Evidence from longitudinal data”, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Vol. 16, N° 1, p. 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4254(96)00055-5
- Hambrick, Donald C.; Phyllis A. Mason (1984). “Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, N° 2, p. 193-206. https://doi.org/10.2307/258434
- Hanlon, Michelle.; Shane, Heitzman (2010). “A review of tax research”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 50, N° 3, p. 127-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.002
- Hasan, Mostafa M.; Al-Hadi, Ahmed.; Taylor, Grantley.; Grant, Richardson (2017). “Does a firm’s life cycle explain its propensity to engage in corporate tax avoidance?”, European Accounting Review, Vol. 26, N° 3, p. 469-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2016.1194220
- Hirshleifer, David.; Low, Angie.; Siew H. Teoh (2012). “Are overconfident CEOs better innovators?”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 67, N° 4, p. 1457-1498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01753.x
- Ho, Simon SM.; Li, Annie Y.; Tam, Kinsun.; Zhang, Feida (2015). “CEO gender, ethical leadership, and accounting conservatism”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 127, N° 2, p. 351-370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-2044-0
- Hoi, Chun K.; Wu, Qiang; Zhang, Hao (2013). “Is corporate social responsibility (CSR) associated with tax avoidance? Evidence from irresponsible CSR activities”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 88, N° 6, p. 2025-2059. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50544
- Hsieh, Tien-Shih.; Wang, Zhihong.; Demirkan, Sebahattin (2018). “Overconfidence and tax avoidance: The role of CEO and CFO interaction”, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Vol. 37, N° 3, p. 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2018.04.004
- Kanagaretnam, K., Lee, J., Lim, C. Y., and Lobo, G. J. (2018). “Cross-country evidence on the role of independent media in constraining corporate tax aggressiveness”. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 150, N° 3, p. 879-902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3168-9
- Kaplan, Steven E.; Pany, Kurt, Samuels, Janet; Zhang, Jiang (2009). “An examination of the association between gender and reporting intentions for fraudulent financial reporting”. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 87 N° 1, p. 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9866-1
- Kim, Jeong-Bon.; Wang, Zheng.; Zhang, Liandong (2016). “CEO overconfidence and stock price crash risk”, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 33, N° 4, p. 1720-1749. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12217
- Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive Developmental Approach to Socialization. In Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (Eds. Goslin, D. A.). Rand McNally, p. 347-380.
- Kramer, Vicky W.; Konrad, Alison M.; Erkut, Sumru; Hooper, Michele J. (2006). Critical mass on corporate boards: Why three or more women enhance governance (p. 2-4). Wellesley, MA: Wellesley Centers for Women.
- Kruger, Justin (1999). “Lake Wobegon be gone! The ‘below-average effect’ and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 77, N° 2, p. 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.221
- Kubick, Thomas R.; Lockhart, Brandon G.; John R. Robinson (2020). “Does Inside Debt Moderate Corporate Tax Avoidance?”, National Tax Journal, Vol. 73, N° 1, p. 47-76. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2020.1.02
- Malmendier, Ulrike.; Tate, Geoffrey (2005). “CEO overconfidence and corporate investment”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 60, N° 6, p. 2661-2700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00813.x
- Malmendier, Ulrike.; Tate, Geoffrey.; Yan, Jon (2011). “Overconfidence and early life experiences: The effect of managerial traits on corporate financial policies”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 66, N° 5, p. 1687-1733. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01685.x
- Mason, Sharon E.; Mudrack, Peter E. (1996), “Gender and ethical orientation: A test of gender and occupational socialization theories”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 15, p. 599-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00411793
- McManus, Josaph (2018). “Hubris and unethical decision making: The tragedy of the uncommon”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 149, N° 1, p. 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3087-9
- Neter, John.; Wasserman, William.; Kutner, Michael H (1989). Applied Linear Regression Models, Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
- Nguyen, Thi Hong H; Collins, Ntim G.; Malagila, John K. (2020), “Women on corporate boards and corporate financial and non-financial performance: A systematic literature review and future research agenda”, International Review of Financial Analysis, Vol. 71, 101554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101554
- Overesch, Michael.; Strueder, Sabine.; Wamser, Georg (2020). “Do U.S. Firms Avoid More Taxes Than Their European Peers? On Firm Characteristics and Tax Legislation as Determinants of Tax Differential”, National Tax Journal, Vol. 73, N° 2, p. 361-400. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2020.2.03
- Payne, Dinah M.; Cecily A. Raiborn (2018). “Aggressive tax avoidance: A conundrum for stakeholders, governments, and morality”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 147, N° 3, p. 469-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2978-5
- Plous, Scott (1993). The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making, New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Ponemon, L. A.; Gabhart, D. R. L. (1990). “Auditor independence judgment: a cognitive developmental model and experimental evidence”. Contemporary Accounting Research, 7 (1), p. 227-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1990.tb00812.x
- Post, Corinne, Byron, Kris (2015). “Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis”. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 58, N° 5, p. 1546-1571. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0319
- Reckers, Philip MJ.; Debra L. Sanders.; Stephen J. Roark (1994). “The Influence of Ethical Attitudes on Taxpayer Compliance”, National Tax Journal, Vol. 47, N° 4, p. 825-836. https://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41789111
- Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory. New York: Praeger.
- Schrand, Catherine M.; Sarah LC. Zechman (2012). “Executive overconfidence and the slippery slope to financial misreporting”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 53, N° 1, p. 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2011.09.001
- Schweitzer, Maurice E.; Ordonez, Lisa.; Douma, Bambi (2004). “Goal setting as a motivator of unethical behavior”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47, N° 3, p. 422-432. https://doi.org/10.5465/20159591
- Shaub, M. K. (1994). “An analysis of the association of traditional demographic variables with the moral reasoning of auditing students and auditors”, Journal of Accounting Education, l-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0748-5751(94)90016-7
- Sweeney, J. T. (1995). “The moral expertise of auditors: An exploratory analysis”, Research on Accounting Ethics, N° 1, p. 213-234.
- Tao, Y., Ying C., Chandni, R., Yuan, Z., (2020), “The impact of the Extraversion-Introversion personality traits and emotions in a moral decision-making task”, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 158, 109840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109840
- Taylor, G., Richardson, G. (2013), “The determinants of thinly capitalized tax avoidance structures: Evidence from Australian firms”, Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Vol. 22, N° 1, p. 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.005
- Torgler, Benno.; Schneider, Friedrich (2007). “What shapes attitudes toward paying taxes? Evidence from multicultural European countries”, Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 88, p. 443-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00466.x