Résumés
Abstract
Language is a quantifiable and valuable resource to possess. It can also represent a source of inequality within a group, where some team members would have access to information and be able to engage in social interactions whereas others would not. This methodological and empirical study aims at introducing a new index – the Matiti index – to capture language disparity in an accurate and practical way. An illustration of how this index can be operationalized to inform research is provided by relying on a unique database collected during an empirical study gathering 21 high-level women football teams. This article highlights both methodological and practical implications.
Keywords:
- Language,
- Inequalities,
- Palma Ratio,
- Teams,
- Sport
Résumé
La langue peut être considérée comme une ressource quantifiable et précieuse. Au sein d’un groupe, elle peut également représenter une source d’inégalité si certains membres de l’équipe ont accès à l’information et sont capables de s’engager dans des interactions sociales tandis que d’autres ne le peuvent pas. Cette étude méthodologique vise à proposer un nouvel outil de mesure – le Matiti index – pour mesurer la disparité linguistique de manière précise et pratique. Son opérationnalisation est illustrée à partir d’une base de données unique collectée lors d’une étude empirique rassemblant 21 équipes féminines de football de haut niveau. Cet article soulève des implications à la fois méthodologiques et pratiques.
Mots-clés :
- Langue,
- Inégalités,
- Ratio de Palma,
- Équipes,
- Sport
Resumen
La lengua se considera un recurso cuantificable y valioso. La lengua puede también representar una fuente de desigualdad dentro de un grupo, en el que algunos miembros del equipo tendrían acceso a la información y podrían participar en interacciones sociales, mientras que otros no. Este estudio metodológico pretende introducir un nuevo índice – el Matiti index – para captar la disparidad lingüística de forma precisa y práctica. Su operacionalización se ilustra a partir de una base de datos única recogida durante un estudio empírico que reúne a 21 equipos de fútbol femeninos de alto nivel. Este artículo pone en relieve las implicaciones tanto metodológicas como prácticas.
Palabras clave:
- Lengua,
- Desigualdades,
- Ratio de Palma,
- Equipos,
- Deporte
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Andreff, W. (2009). Un club de football européen est-il une firme multinationale? [Is a European soccer club a multinational company?]. In J. Fontanel, L. Bensahel & P. Chaix, Regards sur l’économie et le management du sport et des sportifs professionnels. L’Harmattan, (p. 133-152). La librairie des Humanités.
- Bastian, M., Heymann, S., & Jacomy, M. (2009). Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. In Third international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media.
- Bell, S. T., Villado, A. J., Lukasik, M. A., Belau, L., & Briggs, A. L. (2011). Getting specific about demographic diversity variable and team performance relationships: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 37(3), p. 709-743.
- Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. (Vol. 7, p. 677-683). New-York, NY: Free Press.
- Bourdieu, P. (1977). The economics of linguistic exchanges. Social science information, 16(6), p. 645-668.
- Brandes, L., Franck, E. & Theiler, P. (2009). The Effect from National Diversity on Team Production — Empirical Evidence from the Sports Industry. Schmalenbach Business Review, 61(2), p. 225-245.
- Chanlat, JF., Dameron, S., Dupuis, JP., de Freitas, M. E. & Ozbilgin, M. (2013). Management et Diversité: lignes de tension et perspectives [Management and diversity: Lines of tension and perspectives]. Management international, 17(5), p. 5-13.
- Chovanec, J., & Polická, A. (2009). Multilingualism in Football Teams: Methodology of Fieldwork. Language and Literature: European Landmarks of Identity, 5(1), p. 186-196.
- Church-Morel, A., & Bartel-Radic, A. (2016). Skills, identity, and power: The multifaceted concept of language diversity. Management International, 21, p. 12-24.
- Cobham, A., & Sumner, A. (2014). Is inequality all about the tails?: The Palma measure of income inequality. Significance, 11(1), p. 10-13.
- Eluère, M., Martin, L., Leprince, C., Carling, C., Chanal, J., Isserte, S., & Heuzé, JP. (2021). Intégration et optimisation de la diversité culturelle au sein des équipes féminines de football de haut niveau en Europe: Implications pratiques pour les entraîneurs professionnels de football [Integration and optimization of cultural diversity within high-level women football team in Europe: Practical implications for professional football coaches]. UEFA Academy. https://academyonline.uefa.com/resource/8340
- Eluère, M., Martin, L. J., & Heuzé, J-P. (2022a). Cultural diversity and group dynamics within a professional women volleyball. [Submitted for publication]. Department of Sport Sciences, UGA.
- Eluère, M., Martin, L., Godfrey, M., & Heuzé, JP (2022b). Birds of different feathers: Coaches’ perspectives of cultural diversity and team dynamics in professional sport. [Submitted for publication]. Department of Sport Sciences, UGA.
- Furley, P., & Schweizer, G. (2020). Body language in sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology, p. 1201-1219. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Gaibrois, C. (2018). ‘It crosses all the boundaries’: hybrid language use as empowering resource. European Journal of International Management, 12, 82.
- Gaibrois, C., & Nentwich, J. (2020). The dynamics of privilege: How employees of a multinational corporation construct and contest the privileging effects of English proficiency. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 37, p. 468-482.
- Gastwirth, J. (1972). The estimation of the Lorenz curve and Gini index. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 54(3), p. 306-316.
- Giera, L., Giorgianni, E., Lavric, E., Pisek, G., Skinner, A., & Stadler, W. (2008). The globalized football team: A research project on multilingual communication. In E. Lavric et al. (Eds.), The Linguistics of Football (Vol. 38, p. 375-390). Narr Francke Attempto Verlag.
- Gill, D. L., & Ryba, T. V. (2014). Cultural diversity. In A. Papaionnou, & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (p. 136-151). London, UK: Routledge.
- Ginsburgh, V., & Weber, S. (2020). The economics of language. Journal of Economic Literature, 58(2), p. 348-404.
- Godfrey, M., Kim, J., Eluère, M., & Eys, M. (2020). Diversity in cultural diversity research: A scoping review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), p. 128-146.
- Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, p. 1199-1228.
- Harzing, A. W., & Pudelko, M. (2014). Hablas vielleicht un peu la mia language? A comprehensive overview of the role of language differences in headquarters–subsidiary communication. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(5), p. 696-717.
- Hinds, P. J., Neeley, T. B., & Cramton, C. D. (2014). Language as a lightning rod: Power contests, emotion regulation, and subgroup dynamics in global teams. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), p. 536-561.
- Horn, S., Lecomte, P., & Tietze, S. (2020). Managing Multilingual Workplaces: Methodological, Empirical and Pedagogic Perspectives. New York and London: Routledge.
- Kahn, L. M. (2000), The Sports Industry as a Labor Market Laboratory. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), p. 75-94.
- Karhunen, P., Kankaanranta, A., Louhiala-Salminen, L. & Piekkari, R. (2018). Let’s talk about language: A review of language-sensitive research in international management. Journal of Management Studies, 55(6): p. 980-1013.
- Lavric, E., & Steiner, J. (2012). Football: le défi de la diversité linguistique [Football: the challenge of linguistic diversity]. Bulletin VALS-ASLA, 95, p. 15-33.
- Le Loarne-Lemaire, S. (2019). Compte rendu de [Management et diversité: comparaisons internationales, tome 1, Sous la direction de Jean-François Chanlat et Mustafa Özbilgin, Presses de l’Université Laval, 2018, 313 p.], Revue internationale P.M.E., 32(1), p. 167-169.
- Maderer, D., Holtbrügge, D., & Schuster, T. (2014). Professional football squads as multicultural teams: Cultural diversity, intercultural experience, and team performance. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14(2), p. 215-238.
- Massao, P. B., & Fasting, K. (2010). Race and racism: Experiences of black Norwegian athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45(2), p. 147-162.
- McEwan, D., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2014). Teamwork in sport: a theoretical and integrative review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), p. 229-250.
- Mouillot, P., & Le Barazer, L. (2020). Measuring implicit stereotypes controllability during the resume screening process: another fight against discrimination. Gestion 2000, 37(4), p. 147-178.
- Palma, J. G. (2011). Homogeneous Middles vs. Heterogeneous Tails, and the End of the “Inverted-U”: It’s All About the Share of the Rich. Development and Change, 42(1), p. 87-153.
- Poli, R., Ravanel, R., & Besson, R. (2022). Demographic analysis of ten women’s leagues (2017-2022). CIES football observatory monthly report, No. 76.
- Romani, L., Barmeyer, C., Primecz, H., & Pilhofer, K. (2018). Cross-cultural management studies: State of the field in the four research paradigms. International Studies of Management & Organization, 48(3), p. 247-263.
- Quartiroli, A., Vosloo, J., Fisher, L., & Schinke, R. (2020). Culturally competent sport psychology: A survey of sport psychology professionals’ perception of cultural competence. The Sport Psychologist, 34(3), p. 242-253.
- Schinke, R. J., Blodgett, A. T., McGannon, K. R., & Parham, W. D. (2014). Cultural diversity within group dynamics in sport. In M. R. Beauchamp & M. A. Eys (Eds.), Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology (2nd ed., p. 319-334). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Schinke, R. J., & McGannon, K. R. (2014). The acculturation experiences of (and with) immigrant athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), p. 64-75.
- Seidlhofer, B (2013). Understanding English as a Lingua Franca: A Complete Introduction to the Theoretical Nature and Practical Implications of English used as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Szymanski, M., Alon, I., & Kalra, K. (2021). Multilingual and multicultural managers’ effects on team performance: Insights from professional football teams. Multinational Business Review.
- Szymanski, M., & Ipek, E. (2020). The better, the worse, and the bicultural: examining bicultural competence and bicultural liability in elite football teams. European Journal of International Management, 14(2), p. 357-380.
- Tenzer, H., Terjesen, S. & Harzing, A. W. (2017). Language in international Business: A review and agenda for future research. Management International Review, 57(6), p. 815-854.
- Vaara, E., Tienari, J., Piekkari, R., & Säntti, R. (2005). Language and the circuits of power in a merging multinational corporation. Wiley-Blackwell: Journal of Management Studies.
- Williams, K. Y., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: a review of 40 years of research. Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, p. 77-140.