Résumés
Abstract
This article explores how marginality influences indigenous entrepreneurship through tensions that emerge from the constant threat of seeing indigenous cultures fade away. Based on a qualitative study in Quebec, this article theorizes a process that explains how the context of marginality influences indigenous entrepreneurship. Four concurrent dynamics provide insight into the realities of indigenous entrepreneurship. This article paves the way for new lines of research on indigenous entrepreneurship, the micro-foundations of tensions, and the link between emotions and cognition in managing these tensions.
Keywords:
- indigenous entrepreneurship,
- marginality,
- organizational tensions,
- indigenous communities
Résumé
Cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont la marginalité influence l’entrepreneuriat autochtone à travers l’émergence de tensions engendrées par la menace constante de voir les cultures autochtones disparaître. Basé sur l’étude qualitative de l’entrepreneuriat autochtone au Québec, cet article théorise un processus qui explique comment le contexte de marginalité influence l’entrepreneuriat autochtone. Quatre dynamiques concomitantes permettent de mieux comprendre les réalités de l’entrepreneuriat autochtone. Cet article ouvre de nouvelles pistes de recherche sur l’entrepreneuriat autochtone, les microfondations des tensions et le lien entre les émotions et la cognition dans la gestion de ces tensions.
Mots-clés :
- entrepreneuriat autochtones,
- marginalité,
- tensions organisationnelles,
- communautés autochtones
Resumen
Este artículo explora cómo la marginalidad influye en el emprendimiento indígena a través del surgimiento de tensiones creadas por la constante amenaza de presenciar la desaparición de la cultura indígena. Basado en el estudio cualitativo en Quebec, este artículo teoriza un proceso que explica cómo el contexto de marginalidad influye en el emprendimiento indígena. Cuatro dinámicas concurrentes proporcionan una mejor comprensión de las realidades del emprendimiento indígena. Este artículo allana el camino para nuevas líneas de investigación sobre emprendimiento indígena, los micro fundamentos de las tensiones y el vínculo entre las emociones y la cognición en el manejo de estas tensiones.
Palabras clave:
- empresariado indígena,
- marginalidad,
- tensiones organizacionales,
- comunidades aborígenes
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Anderson, R. B., Dana, L. P., & Dana, T. E. (2006). Indigenous land rights, entrepreneurship, and economic development in Canada: “Opting-in” to the global economy. Journal of World Business, 41(1), p. 45-55.
- Anderson, R. B., & Giberson, R. (2004). Aboriginal entrepreneurship and economic development in Canada: thoughts on current theory and practice. In C. H. Stiles & C. S. Galbraith (Eds.), Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Structure and Process (Vol. 4, pp. 141-167): Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Andriopoulos, C., & Lewis, M. W. (2009). Exploitation-Exploration Tensions and OrganizationalAmbidexterity: Managing Paradoxes of Innovation. Organization Science, 20(4), p. 696-717.
- Ashcraft, K. L., & Trethewey, A. (2004). Special Issue Synthesis - Developing tension: an agenda for applied research on the organization of irrationality. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 32(2), p. 171-181.
- Baba, S., & Fortin-Lefebvre, É. (2021). Indigenous Entrepreneurship, Marginal Ontologies and Sustainable Development Goals. In L. F. W., A. A.M., B. L., L. S. A., & W. T. (Eds.), Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Springer.
- Baba, S., Hemissi, O., & Hafsi, T. (2021). National identity and organizational identity in Algeria: Interactions and influences. M@n@gement, 24(2), p. 66-85.
- Baba, S., Sasaki, I., & Vaara, E. (2020). Increasing Dispositional Legitimacy: Progressive Legitimation Dynamics in a Trajectory of Settlements. Academy of Management Journal. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.0330
- Banerjee, S. B. (2000). Whose Land Is It Anyway? National Interest, Indigenous Stakeholders, and Colonial Discourses. Organization & Environment, 13(1), p. 3-38.
- Barth, S., Barraket, J., Luke, B., & McLaughlin, J. (2015). Acquaintance or partner? Social economy organizations, institutional logics and regional development in Australia. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(3-4), p. 219-254.
- Battilana, J. (2018). Cracking the organizational challenge of pursuing joint social and financial goals: Social enterprise as a laboratory to understand hybrid organizing. M@n@gement, 21(4), p. 1278-1305.
- Battilana, J., & Lee, M. (2014). Advancing Research on Hybrid Organizing – Insights from the Study of Social Enterprises. The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), p. 397-441.
- Battilana, J., Lee, M., Walker, J., & Dorsey, C. (2012). In Search of the Hybrid Ideal. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 10(3), p. 51-55.
- Berry, J. W. (1970). Marginality, Stress and Ethnic Identification in an Acculturated Aboriginal Community. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 239-252 doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100303
- Berthoin Antal, A., Debucquet, G., & Frémeaux, S. (2016). Addressing Identity Tensions Through Paradoxical Thinking: Lessons from Artistic Interventions in Organizations. Management International, 21(1), p. 25-40.
- Bherer, H., Gagnon, S., & Roberge, J. (1989). Wampoum et lettres patentes, études exploratoires de l’entrepreneuriat autochtone. Québec, Canada: Presses de l’Université de Laval.
- Brewerton, P. M., & Millward, L. J. (2011). Organizational Research Methods. London: SAGE.
- Brown, G., Lawrence, T. B., & Robinson, S. L. (2005). Territoriality in Organizations Academy of Management Review, 30(3), p. 577-594.
- Bruton, G. D., Zahra, S. A., & Cai, L. (2018). Examining Entrepreneurship Through Indigenous Lenses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(3), p. 351-361.
- Canadian Human Rights Commission. (2013). Report on Equality Rights of Aboriginal People. Retrieved from https://www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca/sites/default/files/equality_aboriginal_report.pdf
- Cassidy, M. (2005). Treaties and Aboriginal-Government Relations, 1945-2000. In D. R. Newhouse, C. J. Voyageur, & D. Beavon (Eds.), Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture (pp. 38-60). Canada: University of Toronto Press.
- Coon Come, M. (1995). Aboriginal Voices. In B. W. Hodgins & K. A. Cannon (Eds.), On the Land: Confronting the Challenges to Aboriginal Self-Determination in Northern Quebec & Labrador (pp. 5-17). Toronto, Canada: Betelgeuse Books.
- Cornell, S., Jorgensen, M., Record, I. W., & Timeche, J. (2007). Citizen Entrepreneurship. An Underutilized Development Resource. In M. Jorgensen (Ed.), Rebuilding Native Nations: Strategies for Governance and Development (pp. 197-222). Tucson: US: University of Arizona Press.
- Damodaran, V. (2006). The politics of marginality and the construction of indigeneity in Chotanagpur. Postcolonial Studies, 9(2), p. 179-196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790600657843
- Dana, L. P. (2010). Nunavik, Arctic Quebec: where cooperatives supplement entrepreneurship. Global Business and Economics Review, 12(1/2), p. 42-71.
- Dana, L. P., & Anderson, R. B. (2006). International handbook of research on indigenous entrepreneurship. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
- Dana, L. P., & Anderson, R. B. (2007). International Handbook of Research on Indigenous Entrepreneurship: Edward Elgar Pub.
- Dana, L. P., Manitok, P., & Anderson, R. B. (2010). The Aivilingmiut people of Repulse Bay (Naujaat), Canada. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 4(2), p. 162-178.
- Dickason, O. P., & Long, D. (2011). Visions of the Heart: Canadian Aboriginal Issues (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Driver, M. J., & Streufert, S. (1969). Integrative complexity: An approach to individuals and groups as information-processing systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 14(2), p. 272-285.
- Fabian, F., Molina, H., & Labianca, G. (2009). Understanding Decisions to Internationalize by Small and Medium-sized Firms Located in an Emerging Market. Management International Review, 49, 537-563. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-009-0007-6
- Fang, T. (2012). Yin Yang: A New Perspective on Culture. Management and Organization Review, 8(1), p. 25-50.
- First Nations of Quebec and Labrador Economic Development Commission. (2020). Indigenous Business Directory. Retrieved from https://entreprises.cdepnql.org/#/
- Frable, D. E. S. (1993). Dimensions of Marginality: Distinctions among those Who are Different. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(4), p. 370-380. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293194002
- Frederick, H. H. (2008). Introduction to special issue on indigenous entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(3), p. 185-191.
- Frederick, H. H., & Foley, D. (2006). Indigenous populations as disadvantaged entrepreneurs in Australia and New Zealand. International Indigenous Journal of Entrepreneurship, Advancement, Strategy & Education, 2(2), p. 1-16.
- Frederick, H. H., & Henry, E. (2004). Innovation and entrepreneurship amongst Pakeha and Maori in New Zealand. Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Structure and Process 4, p. 115-140.
- Fortin-Lefebvre, É. & Baba, S. (2020). Indigenous Business Support Services: A Case Study of the Quebec Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Canada. Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development, 12(1), p. 139-161.
- Gehman, J., Glaser, V. L., Eisenhardt, K. M., Gioia, D., Langley, A., & Corley, K. G. (2018). Finding Theory–Method Fit: A Comparison of Three Qualitative Approaches to Theory Building. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(3), p. 284-300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617706029
- Gerber, L. M. (2014). Education, Employment, and Income Polarization among Aboriginal Men and Women in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, 46(1), p. 121-144.
- Ghimire, K. B. (2002). Social Movements and Marginalized Rural Youth in Brazil, Egypt and Nepal. The Journal of Peasant Studies 30(1), 30-72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150412331333232
- Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: SAGE Publications.
- Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), p. 15-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
- Gioia, D. A., Patvardhan, S. D., Hamilton, A. L., & Corley, K. G. (2013). Organizational Identity Formation and Change. Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), p. 123-192. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2013.762225
- Harper, D. A. (2003). Foundations of entrepreneurship and economic development. London: UK Routledge.
- Harris, K. (2016). ‘Beyond unacceptable’: Auditor general rips treatment of First Nations, aging technology. CBC (28/11/2016).
- Hindle, K., & Lansdowne, M. (2005). Brave Spirits on New Paths: Toward a Globally Relevant Paradigm of Indigenous Entrepreneurship Research. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 18(2), p. 131-141.
- Hindle, K., & Moroz, P. (2010). Indigenous entrepreneurship as a research field: developing a definitional framework from the emerging canon. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(4), p. 357-385.
- Hurley, M. C., & Wherrett, J. (1996). Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Canada: Government of Canada.
- Iankova, K. (2008). Insertion de la réserve huronne dans l’espace urbain de la ville de Québec: Influences de la proximité de Québec sur Wendake. Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, 38(1), p. 67-78.
- Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. (2015). The Nations. Retrieved from https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/Mobile/Nations/profile_wendake-eng.html
- Jack, G., & Lorbiecki, A. (2007). National identity, globalization and the discursive construction of organizational identity. British Journal of Management, 18(1), p. 79-95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00527.x
- Kawharu, M., Tapsell, P., & Woods, C. (2017). Indigenous entrepreneurship in Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(1), p. 20-38.
- Kroezen, J. J., & Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2012). Organizational identity formation: Processes of identity imprinting and enactment in the Dutch microbrewing landscape. In M. Schultz, S. Maguire, A. Langley, & H. Tsoukas (Eds.), Constructing identity in and around organizations (pp. 89-127). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kulchyski, P. (2013). Aboriginal Rights Are Not Human Rights: In Defence of Indigenous Struggles. Winnipeg, Canada: ARP Books.
- Lawrence, T. B., Hardy, C., & Phillips, N. (2002). Institutional effects of interorganizational collaboration: The emergence of proto-institutions. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), p. 281-290. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069297
- Lewis, M. W. (2000). Exploring paradox: Toward a more comprehensive guide. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), p. 760-776.
- Lewis, M. W., & Smith, W. K. (2014). Paradox as a Metatheoretical Perspective: Sharpening the Focus and Widening the Scope. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(2), p. 127-149.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. London, UK: Sage.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. D. Y. S. Lincoln (Ed.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). London: Sage.
- Lindsay, N. (2005). Toward a cultural model of Indigenous entrepreneurial attitude. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 5, p. 1-17.
- Maguire, S., Hardy, C., & Lawrence, T. B. (2004). Institutional entrepreneurship in emerging fields: HIV/AIDS treatment advocacy in Canada. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 657-679. doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/20159610
- Maguirre, M. V., & Derbez, L. E. P. (2018). Profits and purpose: Organizational tensions in indigenous social enterprises. Intangible Capital, 14(4), p. 604-618.
- Maignan, M., Arnaud, C., & Terrisse, P. C. (2017). La gestion des tensions organisationnelles dans les coopératives multisociétaires à vocation sociale: Le cas d’une Société Coopérative d’Intérêt Collectif dans le secteur du logement social. Management International, 22(2), p. 128-143.
- Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2009). Entrepreneurship in and around institutional voids: A case study from Bangladesh. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), p. 419-435.
- Martí, I., & Fernández, P. (2013). The Institutional Work of Oppression and Resistance: Learning from the Holocaust. Organization Studies, 34(8), p. 1195-1223.
- Martì, I., & Mair, J. (2009). Bringing change into the lives of the poor: Entrepreneurship outside traditional boundaries. In T. B. Lawrence, R. Suddaby, & B. Leca (Eds.), Institutional work: Actors and agency in institutional studies of organizations (pp. 92-119). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Michaud, V. (2011). Proposition pour l’étude des tensions dans le mouvement, la sociomatérialité et le paradoxe. Revue de communication sociale et publique, URL: http://journals.openedition.org/communiquer/425, p. 47-74. doi: DOI: 10.4000/communiquer.425
- Mickel, A. E., & Dallimore, E. J. (2009). Life-quality decisions: Tension-management strategies used by individuals when making tradeoffs. Human Relations, 62(5), p. 627-668.
- Mika, J., P., Warren, L., Foley, D., & Palmer, F., R. (2017). Perspectives on indigenous entrepreneurship, innovation and enterprise. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(6), p. 767-773.
- Mintzberg, H. (1978). Structuring of Organizations: Pearson.
- Miron-Spektor, E., Ingram, A., Keller, J., Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2018). Microfoundations of Organizational Paradox: The Problem is How We Think About the Problem. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), p. 26-45.
- Monture, P., A. (2017). Les mots des femmes. Pouvoir, identité et souveraineté indigène. Recherches féministes, 30(1), p. 15-27.
- Neu, D., & Therrien, R. (2004). Accounting for Genocide: Canada’s Bureaucratic Assault on Aboriginal People: Zed Books.
- Newhouse, D. R., Voyageur, C. J., & Beavon, D. (2005). Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture (Vol. 1). Canada: University of Toronto Press.
- Pache, A.-C., & Santos, F. (2013). Inside the Hybrid Organization: Selective Coupling as a Response to Competing Institutional Logics. Academy of Management Journal, 56(4), p. 972-1001.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods (3 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Peredo, A. M., & Anderson, R. B. (2006). Indigenous Entrepreneurship Research: Themes and Variations. In C. S. Galbraith & C. H. Stiles (Eds.), Developmental Entrepreneurship: Adversity, Risk, and Isolation (pp. 253-273).
- Peredo, A. M., Anderson, R. B., Galbraith, C. S., Honig, B., & Dana, L. P. (2004). Towards a theory of indigenous entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 1(1/2).
- Peredo, A. M., & Chrisman, J. J. (2006). Toward a Theory of Community-Based Enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), p. 309-328.
- Peredo, A. M., & McLean, M. (2013). Indigenous Development and the Cultural Captivity of Entrepreneurship. Business & Society, 52(4), p. 592-620.
- Proulx, M.-U. (2012). Regards sur l’économie des collectivités autochtones du Québec. Québec, Canada: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Ratten, V., & Dana, L.-P. (2017). Gendered perspective of indigenous entrepreneurship. Small Enterprise Research, 24(1), p. 62-72.
- Sasaki, I., & Vaara, E. (2020). Increasing Dispositional Legitimacy: Progressive Legitimation Dynamics in a Trajectory of Settlements. Academy of Management Journal. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.0330
- Schad, J., Lewis, M. W., Raisch, S., & Smith, W. K. (2016). Paradox research in management science: Looking back to move forward. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), p. 5-64.
- Schneider, K. J. (1990). The paradoxical self: Toward an understanding of our contradictory nature. New York, NY: Insight Books/Plenum Press.
- Schulte-Tenckhoff, I. (2009). Peuples autochtones: penser le dilemme fondateur de l’État néo-européen. In N. Gagné, T. Martin, & M. Salaün (Eds.), Autochtonies, vues de France et du Québec (pp. 111-127). Québec, Canada Presses de l’Université Laval.
- Slawinski, N., & Bansal, P. (2015). Short on Time: Intertemporal Tensions in Business Sustainability. Organization Science, 26(2), p. 531-549.
- Smith, W. K., & Besharov, M. L. (2019). Bowing before Dual Gods: How Structured Flexibility Sustains Organizational Hybridity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 64(1), p. 1-44.
- Smith, W. K., Gonin, M., & Besharov, M. L. (2013). Managing Social-Business Tensions: A Review and Research Agenda for Social Enterprise. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(3), p. 407-442.
- Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward A Theory of Paradox: A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), p. 381-403.
- Smith, W. K., & Tushman, M. L. (2005). Managing Strategic Contradictions: A Top Management Model for Managing Innovation Streams. Organization Science, 16(5), p. 522-536.
- Stohl, C., & Cheney, G. (2001). Participatory Processes/Paradoxical Practices: Communication and the Dilemmas of Organizational Democracy. Management Communication Quarterly, 14(3), p. 349-407.
- Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Smith-Crowe, K. (2008). Ethical Decision Making: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), p. 545-607.
- The National Indigenous Economic Development Board. (2017). Recommendations Report on Improving Access to Capital for Indigenous Peoples in Canada. Retrieved from Canada: http://www.naedb-cndea.com/reports/ACCESS_TO_CAPITAL_REPORT.pdf
- Toubiana, M., & Zietsma, C. (2017). The Message is on the Wall? Emotions, Social Media and the Dynamics of Institutional Complexity. Academy of Management Journal, 60(3), p. 922-953.
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future. Retrieved from http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/index.php?p=890
- Tuma, A. H., & Maser, J. D. (1985). Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Routledge.
- Uygun, R., & Kasimoglu, M. (2013). The Emergence of Entrepreneurial Intentions in Indigenous Entrepreneurs: The Role of Personal Background on the Antecedents of Intentions. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(5), p. 24-40.
- Vince, R., & Broussine, M. (1996). Paradox, Defense and Attachment: Accessing and Working with Emotions and Relations Underlying Organizational Change. Organization Studies, 17(1), p. 1-21.
- Vince, R., & Voronov, M. (2012). Integrating Emotions into the Analysis of Institutional Work. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), p. 58-81.
- Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing Entrepreneurship—Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), p. 165-184.
- Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Vol. 3). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Zahra, S. A. (2007). Contextualizing theory building in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(3), p. 443-452.
- Zietsma, C., Groenewegen, P., Logue, D. M., & Hinings, C. R. B. (2017). Field or Fields? Building the Scaffolding for Cumulation of Research on Institutional Fields. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), p. 391-450. doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2014.0052