Résumés
Abstract
This study is an analysis of the perception of entrepreneurship in Polish society across two decades, starting from 1990, which marked the end of communism. 129 articles have been analysed to identify the social value of entrepreneurship and later compared to public opinion surveys related to the beliefs about entrepreneurship. Findings reveal that although there was a substantial positive change in the value of entrepreneurship, the ambiguous beliefs about entrepreneurs created mixed attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The inclusion of the transitional period offers the opportunity to expand on the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurial development and to deliver effective support in developing the entrepreneurial society.
Keywords:
- Entrepreneurial society,
- social transformation,
- attitude change,
- culture
Résumé
Cette étude est une analyse de la perception de l’entrepreneuriat dans la société polonaise qui couvre deux décennies, commençant de 1990, l’année qui a marqué la fin de l’ère communiste. 129 articles ont été analysés dans le but d’identifier la valeur sociale de l’entrepreneuriat et ultérieurement comparés au sondage d’opinion sur les croyances envers l’entrepreneuriat. Les résultats montrent que même si les valeurs liées à l’entrepreneuriat ont connu un changement considérable, l’ambiguïté des croyances envers l’entrepreneur a créé des attitudes ambivalentes envers l’entrepreneuriat. L’inclusion de la période de transition améliore la compréhension théorique du développement de l’entrepreneuriat et fournit un soutien efficace à des sociétés entrepreneuriales en développement.
Mots-clés :
- Société entrepreneuriale,
- transformation sociale,
- changement d’attitude,
- culture
Resumen
Este estudio es un análisis de la percepción del emprendimiento en la sociedad polaca a lo largo de dos décadas a partir del año 1990, que marcó el final del comunismo. Se analizaron 129 artículos para identificar el valor social del emprendimiento y estos se compararon con encuestas públicas relacionadas con las opiniones sobre emprendedores y el emprendimiento. Los resultados revelan que, si bien hubo un cambio sustancial positivo en la valoración del emprendimiento, las opiniones ambiguas en relación a los empresarios crearon actitudes mixtas hacia el emprendimiento. El análisis del período de transición ofrece la oportunidad de ampliar la comprensión teórica del desarrollo empresarial y la oportunidad de aportar medidas eficaces para el desarrollo de la sociedad empresarial.
Palabras clave:
- Sociedad emprendedora,
- transformación social,
- cambio de actitud,
- cultura
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Audretsch, D.B. (2007). The entrepreneurial society. Oxford University Press.
- Burns, P. (2001). Entrepreneurship and Small Business. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
- Baumol, W. J. (1990). “Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive”. Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5, Part 1), p. 893-921.
- Colyvas, J. A.; Maroulis, S. (2015). “Moving from an Exception to a Rule: Analyzing Mechanisms in Emergence-Based Institutionalization”. Organization Science 26(2). p. 601-621.
- D’anjou, L.; Van Male, J. (1998). “Between Old And New: Social Movements And Cultural Change”. Mobilization: An International Journal 3(2). p. 207-226.
- Davidsson, P.; Wiklund, J. (1997). “Values, beliefs and regional variations in new firm formation rates“, Journal Of Economic Psychology, vol. 18, issue: 2-3, p. 179-199.
- Della-Giusta, M.; King, Z. (2006). “Enterprise Culture”, in Casson, M.C., Yeung, B., Basu, A. and Wadeson, N. (Eds), Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Douglas, M.; Wildavsky, A.B. (1982). Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Dubina, I. N.; Ramos, S. J.; Ramos, H. (2016). “Culture as a Driving Force of Individual and Organizational Behavior”, in Dubina, I.N. and Carayannis, E.G. (Eds), Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Across Cultures: Theory and Practices. Springer New York., p. 1-27.
- EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2007). “Entrepreneurship Survey of the EU25 Secondary analysis Poland” Flash Eurobarometer Series no 192.
- EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2009). “Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond. A survey in the EU, EFTA countries, Croatia, Turkey, the US, Japan, South Korea and China”. Analytical report Flash Eurobarometer Series no 283.
- EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2013). “Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond”, Flash Eurobarometer Series no 354.
- Etzioni, A. (1987). “Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimation: a macro-behavioral perspective”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 8(2), 175-189.
- Feichtinger, C.; Fink, G. (1998). “The collective culture shock in transition countries - theoretical and empirical implications”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 19, issue: 6, p. 302-308.
- Hayton, J.C.; Cacciotti, G. (2013). “Is there an entrepreneurial culture? A review of empirical research.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(9-10), p. 708-731.
- Hayton, J.C., George, G.I., Zahra, S.A. (2002). “National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Review of Behavioral Research”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer, p. 33-52.
- Hindle, K.; Klyver, K. (2007). “Exploring the relationship between media coverage and participation in entrepreneurship: initial global evidence and research implications”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 3, issue: 2, p. 217-24.
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences; Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Hsieh, H.; Shannon, S.E. (2005). “Three approaches to qualitative content analysis”, Qualitative Health Research, 15(9). p. 1277–1288.
- Hull, L. (2003). “A promotion of enterprise culture theory and practices”, Ministry of Economic Development working paper. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Economic Development.
- Jasicki, K. (2004). “Społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu w oczach Polaków”, [w: ] Świadomość ekonomiczna społeczeństwa i wizerunek biznesu, Kolarska-Bobińska L. (red.), Instytut Spraw Publicznych, Warszawa.
- Kahan, D.M. (2012) “Cultural Cognition as a Conception of the Cultural Theory of Risk”, in S. Roeser (ed.), Handbook Of Risk Theory, Springer Netherlands, p. 725-759.
- Levie, J., Hart, M., Karim, M.S. (2011). “Entrepreneurship and the Media: Do Media Portrayals of Entrepreneurs Matter?” Paper presented at ISBE Conference, Sheffield.
- Ljunggren, E.; Alsos, G.A. (2001). “Media expressions of entrepreneurs: Frequency, content and appearance of male and female entrepreneurs”. Paper presented at Babson College—Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Jönköping
- Mccombs, M.E.; Shaw, D.L. (1972). “The agenda-setting function of mass media”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), p. 176-187.
- Mueller, S.L.; Thomas, A.S. (2001). “Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness”, Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), p. 51-75.
- Nicholson, L.; Anderson, A. R. (2005). “News and Nuances of the Entrepreneurial Myth and Metaphor: Linguistic Games in Entrepreneurial Sense-Making and Sense-Giving”, Entrepreneurship Theoryand Practice, Vol. 29, issue: 2, p. 153–72.
- Nisbett, R.E.; Peng, K.; Choi, I.; Norenzayan, A. (2001). “Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic versus Analytic Cognition”, Psychological Review 108, p. 291-310.
- North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Osowska, R. (2015). “Understanding entrepreneurship in a transforming society. Problem, Issue, opportunity? A longitudinal perspective”. Paper presented at RENT XXIX conference, Zagreb
- Parp (2001). Warunki prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej przez MSP w Polsce i krajach Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa.
- Pejovich, S. (2003). “Understanding the transaction costs of transition: it’s the culture, stupid”, The Review of Austrian Economics, 16(4), p. 347-61.
- Peng, K.; Ames, D.R.; Knowles, E. (2001). “Culture and Human Inference”, in Matsumoto, D. (ed.), Handbook of Culture and Psychology, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
- Thurik, R.; Dejardin, M. (2012). “Entrepreneurship and Culture”, in M. van Gelderen, E. Masurel (eds.) Entrepreneurship in Context, Routledge, pp. 175-186
- Trompenaars, F.; Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business, Nueva York: Mc Graw Hill.
- Ulijn, J.; Fayolle, A. (2004). “Towards cooperation between European start-ups: the position of the French, Dutch and German entrepreneurial and innovative engineer”, Innovation, entrepreneurship and culture: The interaction between technology, progress and economic growth, p. 204-32.
- Ulijn, J.; Nagel, A.; Tan, W.L. (2001). “The impact of national, corporate and professional cultures on innovation: German and Dutch firms compared”, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 9(01), p. 21-52.
- Welter, F. (2011). “Contextualising Entrepreneurship- Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), p. 165-184.
- Weber, M. (1904). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, New York: Routledge.
- Wnuk-Lipiński, E. (1991). “Polish society after the communist experiment” in G. Blazyca, R. Rapacki (Eds), Poland into the 1990s. Economy and Society in Transition, London: Pinter Publishers.
- Zahra, S.A.; Wright, M.; Abdelgawad, S.G. (2014). “Contextualization and the advancement of entrepreneurship research”, International Small Business Journal, 32(5), p. 479-500.
- CBOS (Public Opinion Research Centre) reports (www.cbos.pl):
- CBOS (2000). Opinie o Przemianach Własnościowych i Obecności Kapitału Zagranicznego w Polskiej Gospodarce. Komunikat z badań BS/173/2000. Warszawa, grudzień 2000.
- CBOS (2003). Stosunek do nierówności dochodów. Komunikat z badań. Warszawa, styczeń 2003.
- CBOS (2006). Zaufanie do rządu, przedsiębiorstw, ONZ i organizacji pozarządowych w 20 krajach świata. Komunikat z badań. Warszawa, styczeń 2006.
- CBOS (2009). Prestiż zawodów. Komunikat z badań BS/8/2009. Warszawa, styczeń 2009.
- CBOS (2010a). Polish Public Opinion. Six years of EU membership, Warszawa, April 2010.
- CBOS (2010b). Co jest ważne, co można, a czego nie wolno – normy i wartości w życiu polaków. Komunikat z badań BS/99/2010, Warszawa, lipiec 2010.
- CBOS (2010c). Polacy o prowadzeniu biznesu. Komunikat z badań BS/158/2010, Warszawa, listopad 2010.
- CBOS (2010d). Polish Public Opinion. Doing business, Warszawa, November 2010.
- CBOS (2012). Zaufanie społeczne. Komunikat z badań BS/33/2012, Warszawa, marzec 2012.