Résumés
Abstract
The present article considers the evolution of relationships between four organizations located in Shanghai (two coworking spaces, a hackerspace and a public network of spaces dedicated to education) between the years 2011 and 2015. We start by describing how Shanghai’s urban policies lead to the development of vast real estate that failed at supporting smaller and less formal initiatives. Drawing from previous research and fieldwork, we show how groups of individuals started to organize with the goal of defining new spaces for discussions and activities around technological innovation and entrepreneurship. For each of the four organizations selected, we give a detailed account of their spatial and organizational developments over time, and how they relate to each other. We propose what we called “modes of assemblage” to understand how discrete and partial associations between them helped to change Shanghai’s discourse and positioning about innovation, prefiguring major national programs.
Keywords:
- Shanghai,
- open innovation,
- assemblage,
- third places,
- makers,
- communities,
- urban development
Résumé
Cet article considère l’évolution des relations entre quatre organisations situées à Shanghai (deux espaces de coworking, un hackerspace et un réseau public d’espaces dédiés à l’éducation) entre les années 2011 et 2015. Nous commençons par décrire comment les politiques urbaines de Shanghai conduisent au développement de vastes biens immobiliers qui ont échoué à soutenir des initiatives plus petites et moins formelles. En nous basant sur des travaux de recherche et de terrain antérieurs, nous montrons comment des groupes de personnes ont commencé à s’organiser dans le but de définir de nouveaux espaces de discussion et d’activités autour de l’innovation technologique et de l’entrepreneuriat. Pour chacun des quatre organismes sélectionnés, nous donnons un compte rendu détaillé de leurs développements spatiaux et organisationnels au fil du temps, et comment ils se rapportent les uns aux autres. Nous proposons ce que nous appelons des « modes d’assemblage » pour comprendre comment cette dynamique a contribué à changer le discours et le positionnement de Shanghai sur l’innovation, préfigurant les grands programmes nationaux.
Mots-clés :
- Shanghai,
- innovation ouverte,
- assemblage,
- tiers lieux,
- makers,
- communautés,
- développement urbain
Resumen
Este artículo analiza la evolución entre los años 2011 y 2015 de las relaciones entre cuatro organizaciones radicadas en Shanghai (dos espacios de coworking, un hackerspace y una red pública de espacios dedicados a la educación). Empezamos describiendo cómo condujeron las políticas urbanas de Shanghai al desarrollo de grandes activos inmobiliarios que no consiguieron apoyar iniciativas más pequeñas y menos formales. Basándonos en nuestras investigaciones y publicaciones anteriores, mostramos cómo se han organizado grupos de personas para definir nuevos espacios de discusión y actividades en torno a la innovación tecnológica y al espíritu empresarial. Para cada una de las cuatro organizaciones seleccionadas, presentamos en detalle su desarrollo espacial y organizacional a lo largo del tiempo, y de sus interrelaciones. Proponemos lo que llamamos "modos de montaje" para entender cómo ha ayudado esta dinámica a cambiar el discurso y el posicionamiento de Shanghai sobre la innovación, que ha prefigurado los grandes programas nacionales.
Palabras clave:
- Shanghai,
- innovación abierta,
- montaje,
- terceros lugares,
- makers,
- comunidades,
- desarrollo urbano
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Bathelt, Harald; Gluckler Johannes, (2011) The Relational Economy. Geographies of Knowing and Learning, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 297 p.
- Brenner N., Madden D.J., Wachsmuth D., (2011), “Assemblage urbanism and the challenges of critical urban theory”, City, vol. 15, no 2.
- Capdevila I., (2015) “Co-Working Spaces and the Localised Dynamics of Innovation in Barcelona”, International Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 19, no 3. http://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919615400046
- Castells, M. (1977) The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach, MIT Press, 502 p.
- Chesbrough H., & Bogers M., (2014) “Explicating Open Innovation: Clarifying an Emerging Paradigm for Understanding Innovation Keywords”, New Frontiers in Open Innovation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–37.
- Chesbrough H., (2003) “Open Innovation”, Innovation, vol. 20, p. 132–138.
- Cohendet, P., GRANDADAM, D., & SIMON, L. (2010). “The Anatomy of the Creative City”, Industry & Innovation, col. 17, no 1, p. 91–111.
- Cohendet P., Grandadam D., Simon L., (2011) “Rethinking Urban Creativity: Lessons from Barcelona and Montreal”, City Culture and Society, vol. 2, no 3, p. 151-158
- Deleuze, Gilles; Guattari Felix (1975). Kafka. Pour une littérature mineure, Paris, Minuit, 160 p.
- Farias, Ignacio; Bender Thomas (2010). Urban assemblages: How actor-network theory changes urban studies. London, Routledge, 352 p.
- Farias, Ignacio; Blok, Anders (2016). “Introducing urban cosmopolitics: Multiplicity and the search for a common world”dans Urban Cosmopolitics: Agencements, assemblies, atmospheres (sous la direction de) Urban Cosmopolotics: Agencements, Assemblies, Atmospheres, Routledge, p. 1-22.
- Harvey, D. (1973). Social justice and the city, Baltimore, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 336.
- Krane, M. (2013). China’s new creative clusters: governance, human capital, and investment. London, Routledge, 204 p.
- Lefebvre, H. (1970). La révolution urbaine, Paris, Gallimard, 256 p.
- Liang S., (2012) « L’analyse des telephones Shanzhai », Master thesis at Université de Toulouse, available at gilles.puel@univ-tlse2.fr.
- Lindtner S., (2012) “Cultivating Creative China: Making and Remaking Cities, Citizens, Work and Innovation”, phD thesis, University Of California, Irvine.
- Lindtner S., (2014) “Hackerspaces and Internet of Things in China: How Makers are reinventing Industrial Production, Innovation & the Self”, Journal of China Information, Special Issue on “Political Contestation in Chinese Digital Spaces” (ed. Guobin Yang), vol. 28, no 2, p. 145-167.
- Lindtner S., (2015) “Hacking with Chinese Characteristics: The Promises of the Maker Movement against China’s Manufacturing Culture”, Science, Technology & Human Values, vol. 40, no 5, p. 854-879.
- Lu P. (2008) “The Remaking of Shanghai Local Spaces”, spacesofidentity.net, vol. 8, n° 1.
- Marrewijk (Van) A H., & YANOW D., (2010) “Introduction The spatial turn in organizational studies”, Organizational Spaces: Rematerializing the Workaday World, p. 1–16. http://doi.org/10.4337/9781849804912.00005
- Mcfarlane C., (2011) “The city as assemblage: Dwelling and urban space”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 29, no 4, p. 649–671. http://doi.org/10.1068/d4710
- O’connor, J., & Gu X., (2014) “Creative industry clusters in Shanghai: a success story?” International Journal of Cultural Policy, vol. 20, no 1, p. 1–20. doi: 10.1080/10286632.2012.740025
- Ren X., & Weinstein L., (2008) “The Shanghai Effect: Political Devolution and Mega-Project Development in China and India”, Locating Right to the City in the Global South, p. 107-126. http://doi.org/10.4324/9780203091104
- Sanjuan T., (2001) « Pékin, Shanghai, Hong Kong Trois destins de villes dans l’espace chinois », Hérodote, vol. 2, no 101, p. 153–179.
- VonHippel, E. (2005) Democratizing Innovation, Cambridge, MIT Press, 204 p.
- Yang J., & Zhou F., (2013) “The Experience of China’s Top 30 Cultural Industries Enterprises in 2012”, Hangzhou International Congress: Culture: Key to Sustainable Development, Hangzhou, p. 15–17.
- Yusuf, S., & Wu, W., (2002). “Pathways to a World City: Shanghai Rising in an Era of Globalisation”, Urban Studies, vol. 39, no 7, p. 1213–1240.
- Zhen F., (2016) “Maker Space and Collaborative Innovation in China”, Third Geography of Innovation Conference EUROLIO, Toulouse.
- Zheng J., & Chan R., (2014) “The impact of “creative industry clusters” on cultural and creative industry development in Shanghai”, City, Culture and Society, vol. 5, no 1, p. 9–22, doi: 10.1016/j.ccs.2013.08.001.
- Zhou F., & Jianfei Y., (2013) “The Experience of China’s Top 30 Cultural Industries Enterprises in 2012”, UNESCO: Culture: Key to Sustainable Development, 15-17 May 2013, Hangzhou, China