Résumés
Abstract
This article reports on a study about the evolution of SMEs’ Competitive Intelligence (CI) practices, in the French context of a public CI policy. Fifteen Directors of CI programs at Chambers of Commerce were interviewed and 176 SME decision-makers surveyed. An important contribution is a typology of SMEs including perceived constraints, advisors, and attitudes towards CI. We conclude that SMEs find appropriate help through publicly funded programs at the early stages of CI practice, whereas consultants are effective to guide them towards higher levels of performance. The findings are of significance to SME managers, CI providers and policy decision-makers.
Keywords:
- Competitive Intelligence,
- SMEs,
- Public Policy,
- France,
- Typology
Résumé
Cet article présente une étude sur l’évolution des pratiques d’Intelligence Économique (IE) des PME, dans le contexte de la politique publique française d’IE. Ont été interrogés quinze directeurs de programmes d’IE des chambres de commerce et 176 dirigeants de PME. Il en résulte une typologie de PME intégrant contraintes perçues, conseillers et attitudes envers l’IE. Les auteurs concluent que les PME trouvent dans les programmes subventionnés un soutien pertinent aux premiers stades de pratique de l’IE, alors que les consultants sont efficaces aux stades supérieurs. Les résultats intéresseront les gestionnaires de PME, les professionnels de l’IE et les décideurs publics.
Mots-clés :
- Intelligence économique,
- PME,
- Politique publique,
- France,
- Typologie
Resumen
Este artículo presenta un estudio sobre la evolución de las prácticas en Inteligencia Económica (IE) en las PYMES, en el contexto de la política pública francesa de IE. Fueron interrogados quince directores de programas de IE de Cámaras de Comercio y 176 dirigentes de PYMES. De ello resulta una tipología de PYMES integrando las restricciones percibidas, asesores y actitudes hacia la IE. Los autores concluyen que las PYMES encuentran en estos programas subvencionados una ayuda pertinente en las primeras fases de la práctica de la IE, mientras que los consultores son eficaces en las fases superiores. Los resultados interesarán a los administradores de PYMES, a los profesionales de la IE y a las autoridades responsables públicas.
Palabras clave:
- Inteligencia económica,
- PYMES,
- Política Pública,
- Francia,
- Tipología
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Ambrosini, Véronique; Bowman, Cliff (2009). “What are dynamic capabilities and are they a useful construct in strategic management?”, International Journal of Management Review, vol. 11, n°1, p. 29-49.
- Ajzen, Icek (1985). “From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behaviour”, in: J. Kuhl and J. Beckman (Eds), Action-Control: From Cognition to Behaviour, Heidelburg: Springer, p. 11-39.
- Assaker, Guy; Hallak, Rob (2012). “European travelers’ return likelihood and satisfaction with Mediterranean sun-and-sand destinations: A Chi-square Automatic Identification Detector− based segmentation approach”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, vol. 18, n°2, p. 105-120.
- Baumard, Philippe (1991). Stratégie et Surveillance des Environnements Concurrentiels, Paris: Éditions Masson, 181 p.
- Bazely, Pat (2004). “Issues in Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Research”, in R. Buber, J. Gadner and L. Richards (Eds), Applying qualitative methods to marketing management research, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 141-156.
- Bégin, Lucie; Deschamps, Jacqueline; Madinier, Hélène (2007). “Une Approche Interdisciplinaire de l’Intelligence Économique”, Cahiers de Recherche du CRAG, Haute école de gestion de Genève, N°HES-SO/HEG-GE/C-07/4/1-CH, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1083943.
- Bergeron, Pierrette (2000a). “Regional Business Intelligence: The View from Canada”, Journal of Information Science, vol. 26, n°3, p. 153-160.
- Bergeron, Pierrette (2000b). Veille Stratégique et PME: Comparaison des Politiques Gouvernementales de Soutien, Sainte-Foy: Presses de l’Université du Québec, 462 p.
- Bloch, Alain (1996). L’Intelligence Économique, Paris: Éditions Economica, 108 p.
- Bournois, Frank; Romani, Pierre-Jacquelin (2000). L’Intelligence Économique et Stratégique dans les Entreprises Françaises, Paris: Éditions Economica, 300 p.
- Bouthillier, France; Jin Tao (2005). “Competitive Intelligence and Webometrics”, Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, vol. 3, n°3, p. 19-39.
- Bulinge, Franck (2001). “PME-PMI et Intelligence Économique: les Difficultés d’un Mariage de Raison”, VSST Conference proceedings, Barcelone, Spain, October 2001, CD-ROM.
- Bulinge, Franck (2002). Pour une Culture de l’Information dans les Petites et Moyennes Organisations: un Modèle Incrémental d’Intelligence Économique, PhD Thesis, Université de Toulon, France.
- Burke, Ian G.; Jarratt, Denise G. (2004). “The Influence of Information and Advice on Competitive Strategy Definition in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises”, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, vol. 7, n°2, p. 126-138.
- Calof, Jonathan L.; Wright, Sheila (2008). “Competitive Intelligence A Practitioner, Academic and Inter-disciplinary Perspective”, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 42, n°7/8, p. 717-730.
- Calof, Jonathan L.; Brouard, François (2004). “Competitive Intelligence in Canada”, Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, vol. 2, n°2, p. 1-21.
- Cameron, Roslyn (2009). “A sequential mixed model research design: Design, analytical and display issues.” International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, vol. 3, n°2, p.140-152.
- Cameron, Roslyn (2011).“Mixed methods in business and management: A call to the ‘first generation’”, Journal of Management & Organization, vol. 17, n°2, p. 245-267.
- Carayon, Bernard (2006). Patriotisme Économique, Monaco: Éditions du Rocher, 239 p.
- Carayon, Bernard (2003). Intelligence Économique, Compétitivité et Cohésion Sociale: rapport au Premier ministre, Paris: La Documentation Française, 173 p.
- CCI France (2013). Chiffres clefs, available at CCI: http://fr.calameo.com/books/0004751608d0640d3c50d.
- Clerc, Philippe (2004). “Les CCI, Allier Coordination et Autonomie dans le Service à l’Entreprise”, in J.-F. Daguzan and H. Masson (Eds), L’Intelligence Économique: Quelles Perspectives?, Paris: L’Harmattan, p. 73-87.
- Clerc, Philippe (2009). “The Role of the CCI in the French Competitive Intelligence System”, 1st Portuguese-French Meeting on Competitive Intelligence, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal, February, 16th available at: http://s244543015.onlinehome.fr/ciworldwide/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/porto-ci_cci_clerc1.pdf.
- Comai, Alessandro (2004). “Discover Hidden Corporate Intelligence Needs by Looking at Environmental and Organizational Contingencies”, EBRF Conference Proceedings, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Sweden, September 20th-22nd, p. 397-413.
- Dedijer, Stevan (1994). “Opinion: Governments, Business Intelligence – a Pioneering Report from France”, Competitive Intelligence Review, vol. 5, n°3, p. 45-47.
- Denscombe, Martyn (2008). “Communities of Practice, A Research Paradigm for the Mixed Methods Approach”, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, vol. 2, n°3, p. 270-283.
- Denzin, Norman K. (2010). “Moments, Mixed Methods, and Paradigm Dialogs”, Qualitative Inquiry, vol. 16, n°6, p. 419-427.
- Dou, Henri (2004). “Quelle Intelligence Économique pour les PME?”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 50, n°8, p. 235-244.
- Dufour, Fanny (2010). Approche Dynamique de l’Intelligence Économique en Entreprise: Apports d’un Modèle Psychologique des Compétences, PhD Thesis, Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
- Elysée (2013). “Compte-rendu du Conseil des ministres du 29 mai 2013 ”, available at: http://www.elysee.fr/assets/pdf/compte-rendu-du-conseil-des-ministres-du-29-mai-201.pdf.
- Eurostat (2004). “Portrait of the Regions - France - Rhône Alpes – Economy”, available at: https://circabc.europa.eu/webdav/CircaBC/ESTAT/regportraits/Information/fr71_eco.htm.
- Favier, Laurence (1998). Recherche et Application d’une Méthodologie d’Analyse de l’Information pour l’Intelligence Économique, PhD Thesis, Université de Lyon 2, France.
- Fishbein, Martin; Ajzen, Icek (2010). Predicting and Changing Behaviour: The Reasoned Action Approach, New York: Psychology Press, 518 p.
- Fleisher, Craig S.; Wright, Sheila (2009). “Examining Differences in Competitive Intelligence Practice: China, Japan, and the West”, Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 51, n°3, p. 249-261.
- Francois, Ludovic (2008). Intelligence Territoriale. Paris: Lavoisier, 121 p.
- Goria, Stéphane (2006). L’Expression du Problème dans la Recherche d’Informations: Application à un Contexte d’Intermédiation Territoriale, PhD Thesis, Université Nancy II, France.
- Greene, Jennifer C., Caracelli, Valerie J., & Graham, Wendy F. (1989). “Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs”, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 11, n°3, p. 255-174.
- Groom, Jeremy R.; David, Fred R. (2001). “Competitive Intelligence Activity among Small Firms”, S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, vol. 66, n°1, p.12-20.
- Guilhon, Alice (2004). L’Intelligence Économique dans la PME: Visions Éparses, Paradoxes et Manifestations, Paris: L’Harmattan, 222 p.
- Harkleroad, David (1996). “Too Many Ostriches, Not Enough Eagles”, Competitive Intelligence Review, vol. 7, n°1, p. 23-27.
- Harkleroad, David (1998). “Ostriches and Eagles 2”, Competitive Intelligence Review, vol. 9, n°1, p. 13-19.
- Hudson, Sarah; Smith, Jamie R (2008). “Assessing Competitive Intelligence Practices in a Non- Profit Organisation”, 2nd European Competitive Intelligence Symposium Proceedings, Lisbon, Portugal, March, 27th-28th, p. 1-20.
- Jakobiak, François (2006). L’Intelligence Économique, la Comprendre, l’Implanter, l’Utiliser, Paris: Éditions d’Organisation, 336 p.
- Jolibert, Alain; Jourdan, Philippe (2011). Marketing Research Méthode de Recherche et Etudes en Marketing, Paris, France: Dunod, 624 p.
- Julien, Pierre-André (1990). “Vers une typologie multicritère des PME”, Revue Internationale PME, vol. 3, n°3-4, p. 411-425.
- Kalantarian, Shima; Baratimarnani, Ahmad; Salavati, Adel (2012). “The Relationship between Organizational Learning and Competitive Intelligence on Small and Medium Industries in the City of Kermanshah”, Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, vol. 4, n°6, p. 348-359.
- Larivet, Sophie; Brouard, François (2012). “SMEs’ Attitude Towards SI Programs: Evidence from Belgium”, Journal of Strategic Marketing, vol. 20, n°1, p.5-18.
- Larivet, Sophie (2002). Les Réalités de l’Intelligence Économique en PME. PhD Thesis, Université de Toulon et du Var, Toulon, France.
- Larivet, Sophie (2006). “Intelligence Économique: Un Concept Managérial”, Revue Market Management, vol. 6, n°3, p. 22-35.
- Larivet, Sophie (2009). Intelligence Économique: Enquête dans 100 PME. Paris, France: L’Harmattan, 260 p.
- Leonetti, Xavier (2008). État, Entreprise, Intelligence Économique, Quel Rôle pour la Puissance Publique?, PhD Thesis, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France.
- Liu, Chun-Hsien; Wang, Chu-Ching (2008). “Forecast Competitor Service Strategy with Service Taxonomy and CI Data”, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 42, n°7/8, p. 746-765.
- Martre, Henri; Clerc, Philippe; Harbulot, Christian (1994). Intelligence Économique et Stratégie des Entreprises. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 167 p.
- Moinet, Nicolas (2010). Petite Histoire de l’Intelligence Économique. Paris: L’Harmattan, 126 p.
- Nenzhelele, Tshilidzi E.; Pellissier, René (2014). “Competitive Intelligence Implementation Challenges of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 5, n°16, p.92-99.
- Office of the National Counterintelligence Executives (2011). Foreign Spies Stealing U.S. Economic Secrets in Cyberspace. Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage, 2009-2011, available at http://www.ncix.gov/publications/reports/fecie_all/Foreign_Economic_Collection_2011.pdf.
- Ordre des Experts-Comptables (2008). “Intelligence Économique: un Enjeu pour les PME”, Science Indépendance Conscience (SIC), n°262, p. 22-23.
- Outward Insights (2005). Ostriches and Eagles: Competitive Intelligence Usage and Understanding in U.S. Companies, Burlington: Outward Insights, 8 p, available at: http://www.anet.co.il/anetfiles/files/572M.pdf.
- Pautrat, Rémy; Delbecque, Eric (2009). “L’Intelligence territoriale: la rencontre synergique public/privé au service du développement économique”. Revue Internationale d’Intelligence Économique, vol. 1, n°1, p.15-28.
- Pechpeyrou, Pauline de (2013). “Virtual Bundling with Quantity Discounts: When Low Purchase Price Does Not Lead to Smart‐Shopper Feelings”, Psychology & Marketing, vol. 30, n°8, p. 707-723.
- Premier Ministre (2011). Action de l’État en Matière d’Intelligence Économique, Paris: circulaire n°5554/SG, 4 p.
- Prescott, John E. (2001). “Competitive Intelligence: Lessons from the Trenches”, Competitive Intelligence Review, vol. 12, n°2, p. 5-19.
- Rouach, Daniel (1999). La Veille Technologique et l’Intelligence Économique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 127 p.
- Rouach, Daniel; Santi, Patrice (2001). “Competitive Intelligence Adds Value: 5 Intelligence Attitudes”, European Management Journal, vol. 19, n°5, p 552-559.
- Saayman, Andrea; Pienaar, Jacobus; Pelsmacker, Patrick de; Viviers, Wilma; Cuyvers, Ludo; Muller, Marie-Luce; Jegers, Marc (2008). “Competitive Intelligence: Construct Exploration, Validation and Equivalence”, Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, vol. 60, n°4, p. 383-411.
- Salles, Maryse (2006). “Decision Making in SMEs and Information Requirements for Competitive Intelligence”, Production Planning and Control, vol. 17, n°3, p. 229-237.
- Silem, A (2006). Entretien du Professeur Ahmed Silem, in D. Brüté de Rémur (Ed.), Ce Que Intelligence Economique Veut Dire, Paris: Éditions d’Organisation, p. 136-150
- Smith, Jamie R. (2008). Efficacité de la Veille Concurrentielle et Conséquences Stratégiques, in P. Larrat (Ed.), Benchmark Européen de Pratiques en Intelligence Économique, Paris: L’Harmattan, p. 181-199.
- Smith, Jamie R.; Kossou, Leïla (2008). “The Emergence and Uniqueness of Competitive Intelligence in France”, Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, vol. 4, n°3, p. 63-85.
- Smith, Jamie R.; Wright, Sheila; Pickton, David W (2010). “Competitive Intelligence Programs for SMEs in France: Evidence of Changing Attitudes”, Journal of Strategic Marketing, vol. 17, n°7, p. 523-526.
- Smith,Jamie R. (2012). Competitive Intelligence Behaviour and Attitude Antecedents in French Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in a Funded Intervention Environment. PhD Thesis, De Montfort University: United Kingdom.
- Tarraf, Patrick; Molz, Rick (2006). “Competitive Intelligence at Small Enterprises”, SAM Advanced Management Journal, vol. 71, n°4, p. 24-34.
- Teddlie, Charles; Tashakkori, Abbas (2009). Foundations of Mixed Methods Research, London: Sage, 400p.
- Teece, David J. (2007). “Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 28, n°3, p. 1319-1350.
- Torrès, Olivier and Julien, Pierre-André (2005). “Specificity and Denaturing of Small Business”, International Small Business Journal, vol. 23, n°4, p. 355-377.
- Tuan, Luu T. (2013). “Competitive Intelligence and Other Levers of Brand Performance”, Journal of Strategic Marketing, vol. 21, n°3, p. 217-239.
- Wergeles, Fred (1998). “Ostriches and eagles: Competitive intelligence among US companies”, NACD Directorship, vol. 24, n°2, p.10.
- West, Chris (1999). “Competitive Intelligence in Europe”, Business Information Review, vol. 16, n°3, p. 143-150.
- Woldesenbet, Kassa; Ram, Monder; Jones, Trevor (2012). “Supplying large firms: The role of entrepreneurial and dynamic capabilities in small businesses”, International Small Business Journal, vol. 30, n°5, p. 493-512.
- Wright, Sheila (2011). A Critical Evaluation of Competitive Intelligence and Insight Management Practice, PhD Thesis, De Montfort University, United Kingdom.
- Wright, Sheila; Bisson, Christophe; Duffy, Alistair P. (2012). “Applying a Behavioural and Operational Diagnostic Typology of Competitive Intelligence Practice: Empirical Evidence from the SME Sector in Turkey”, Journal of Strategic Marketing, vol. 20, n°1, p.19-33.
- Wright, Sheila; Pickton, David W.; Callow, Joanne (2002). “Competitive Intelligence in UK Firms: A Typology”, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, vol. 20, n°6, p. 349-360.