Résumés
Résumé
L’objectif de cet article est d’approfondir l’analyse du lien entre expérience professionnelle et performance du groupe. Pour ce faire, nous étudions de manière conjointe les effets de l’accumulation et de la diversité en expérience professionnelle sur la performance du groupe à travers la proposition d’une typologie. Cette typologie est ensuite testée auprès des équipes de football du Brésil ayant participé à quinze coupes du monde (1954-2010). Les résultats montrent que l’accumulation d’expérience, c’est-à-dire la sélection des joueurs les plus expérimentés possibles, ne garantit pas une performance élevée du groupe. En revanche, les équipes faiblement expérimentées mais dotées d’un petit nombre d’individus « experts », correspondent à la configuration la plus performante.
Mots-clés :
- Groupe,
- Expérience,
- Diversité,
- Accumulation,
- Football
Abstract
This paper consists in a deep analysis of both the professional experience of individuals and the performance of the group. This research focuses simultaneously on the effects of the accumulation and the diversity of professional experience on team performance by proposing a typology. This typology has been tested on Brazil football team, who played the fifteen FIFA world cups (1954-2010). Results show that the accumulation of experience due to the selection of the most experienced does not ensure the highest performance of the group. On the reverse, the less experienced teams who count a few “experts” represent the most efficient configuration.
Keywords:
- Group,
- Experience,
- Diversity,
- Accumulation,
- Football
Resumen
Este artículo propone una tipología establecida à través del estudio simultáneo de los efectos de la acumulación y de la diversidad en términos de experiencia profesional sobre el rendimiento del grupo. Esta tipología esta puesto en practica a través el estudio de la selección nacional de fútbol de Brasil durante las ultimas quince copas del mundo (1954-2010). Los resultados muestran que la acumulación de experiencia, es decir, la selección de los jugadores más experimentados, no garantiza un rendimiento más elevado. Sin embargo, los equipos poco experimentados pero que cuentan con algunos “expertos”, representan la configuración más eficaz.
Palabras clave:
- Grupo,
- Experiencia,
- Diversidad,
- Acumulación,
- Fútbol
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Ali H. et Davies D.R. (2003), The effects of age, sex and tenure on the job performance of rubber tappers, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 3, 381-391.
- Allison P.D. (1978), Measures of inequality, American Sociological Review, 43, 6, 865-880.
- Ancona D.G. et Caldwell D.F. (1992), Bridging the boundary : External activity and performance in organizational teams, Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 4, 634-665.
- Avolio B.J., Waldman, D.A. et McDaniel M.A. (1990), Age and work performance in non-managerial jobs : The effects of experience and occupational type, Academy of Management Journal, 33, 2, 407-422.
- Bantel K. (1994), Strategic Planning Openness : The role of top team demography, Group & Organization Management, 19, 4, 406-424.
- Barney C. (1991), Firm resources and sustainable competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17, 1, 99-120.
- Becker G.S. (1962), Investment in human capital : A theoretical analysis, Journal of Political Economy, 70, 5, 9-49.
- Betts G. (2006), History of the World Cup, London : Sutton Publishing Ltd.
- Boecker W. (1997), Strategic change : The influence of managerial characteristics and organizational growth. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 1, 152-170.
- Bothner M.S., Kang J.H. et Stuart T.E. (2007), Competitive crowding and risk taking in a tournament : Evidence from NASCAR racing, Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 208-247.
- Campbell J. (1990), Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology’, in M. Dunnette et L. Hough (éds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Cattell R.B. (1963), Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence : A critical experiment, Journal of Educational Psychology, 54, 1-22.
- Clemente L. (2007), A History of the World Cup : 1930-2006, Lanham, MD : The Scarecrow Press.
- Cox T. et Blake S. (1991), Managing cultural diversity : Implications for organizational competitiveness, Academy of Management Executive, 5, 3, 45-56.
- Dameron S. et Joffre O. (2007), The good and the bad : The impact of diversity management on co-operative relationships, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 11, 2037-2056.
- Day D.V., Sin H.P. et Chen T.T. (2004), Assessing the burdens of leardership : Effects of formal leadership roles of individual performance over time, Personnel Psychology, 57, 573-605.
- Dixon R.A., Kramer, D.A. et Baltes P.B. (1985), Intelligence : Its life-span development, in B.B. Wolman (éd.), Handbook of intelligence : Theories, measurements, and applications, pp. 469-518, New York, NY : Wiley.
- Dobson S. et Goddard J. (2001), The Economics of Football, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Dougherty D. (1992), Interpretive barriers to successful product innovation in large firms, Organization Science, 3, 2, 179-202.
- Dutton J. et Duncan R. (1987), The creation of momentum for change through the processes of strategic issue diagnosis, Strategic Management Journal, 8, 3, 279-296.
- Earley P.C. et Mosakowski E. (2000), Creating hybrid team cultures : An empirical test of transnational team functioning, Academy of Management Journal, 43, 26-49.
- Ehrenberg R.G. et Smith R.S. (2000), Modern Labor Economics : Theory and Public Policy, Reading, MA : Addison Wesley.
- Eisenhardt K., et Tabrizi B.N. (1995), Accelerating adaptive processes : Product innovation in the global computer industry, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 1, 84-110.
- Feldman D.C. (1976), A contingency theory of socialization, Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 3, 433–452.
- Finkelstein S. et Hambrick D. (1996), Strategic Leadership : Top Executives and their Effects on Organizations, Minneapolis, MN : West Publishing Company.
- Fiol C.M. (1994), Consensus, diversity, and learning in organizations, Organization Science, 5, 3, 403-420.
- Gentry, W., Weber, T. J. et Sadri, G. (2008), Examining career-related mentoring and managerial performance across cultures : A multilevel analysis, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 2, 241-253.
- Giblin E.J. (1986), The challenge facing human resources, in H. Heneman et D. Schwab (éds.), Perspectives on Personnel/Human Resource Management , 11–16, Homewood, IL : Irwin.
- Giniger S., Dispenzieri A. et Eisenberg J. (1983), Age, experience, and performance on speed and skill jobs in an applied setting, Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 3, 469-475.
- Glanville B. (1997), The Story of the World Cup, London : Faber & Faber.
- Guthrie J.P. et Datta D.K. (1997), Contextual influences on executive selection : Firm characteristics and CEO experience, Joumal of Management Studies, 34, 4, 537-560.
- Hackman J. R. (1987). The design of work teams, In J. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior : 315-342, Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall.
- Hambrick D., Cho T. et Chen M. (1996), The influence of top management team heterogeneity on firms’ competitive moves, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 4, 659–684.
- Hambrick D.C. et Mason P.A. (1984), Upper echelons : The organization as a reflection of its top managers, Academy of Management Review, 9, 2, 193-206.
- Hambrick D.C. (1994), Top management groups : A conceptual integration and reconsideration of the ‘team’ label, in B. M. Staw et L.L. Cummings (éds.), Research in Organizational Behaviour, 16, 171-213, Greenwich, CT : JAI.
- Harder J.W. (1992), Play for pay : Effects of inequity in a pay-for-performance context, Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 321-335.
- Harrison D.A., Price K.H. et Bell M.P. (1998), Beyond relational demography : Time and the effects of surface and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion, Academy of Management Journal, 41, 1, 96-107.
- Harrison D.A. et Klein K.J. (2007), What’s the difference ? Diversity constructs as separation, variety or disparity in organizations, Academy of Management Review, 32, 4, 1199-1228.
- Horwitz S.K. (2005), The compositional impact of team diversity on performance : theoretical considerations, Human Resource Development review, 4, 2, 219.
- Hunter J.E. (1983), A causal analysis of cognitive ability, job knowledge, job performance and supervisory ratings, in F. Landy, S. Zedeck, et J. Cleveland (Eds.), Performance measurement and theory : 257-266, Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Jackson S., Brett J., Sessa, V., Cooper D., Julin J. et Peyronnin, K. (1991), Some differences make a difference : Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions and turnover, Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 5, 675- 689.
- Jackson S.E., May K.E. et Whitney, K. (1995), Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making teams, in R.A. Guzzo, E. Salas et Associates (éds.), Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations, 204-261, San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
- Judge T.A. et Locke E.A. (1993), Effect of dysfunctional thought processes on subjective well-being and job satisfaction, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 3, 475–490.
- Katz R. (1982), The effects of group longevity on project communication and performance, Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 1, 81-104.
- Kilduff G.J., Elfenbein H.A. et Staw B.M. (2010), The psychology of rivalry : A relationally dependent analysis of competition, Academy of Management Journal, 53, 5, 943-969.
- Kram K. E. et Isabella L. A. (1985), Mentoring alternatives : the role of peers relationships in career development, The Academy of Management Journal, 28, 1, 110-132.
- Lant T.K., Milliken F.J. et Batra B. (1992), The role of managerial learning and interpretation in strategic persistence and reorientation : An empirical exploration, Strategic Management Journal, 13, 8, 585-608.
- Lawrence B.S. (1988), New wrinkles in the theory of age : Demography, norms, and performance ratings, Academy of Management Journal, 31, 2, 309–337.
- Lin Z., Yang H., Arya B., Huang Z. et Li D. (2005), Structural versus individual perspectives on the dynamics of group performance : Theoretical exploration and empirical investigation, Journal of Management, 31, 3, 354-380.
- Mann R.D. (1959), A review of the relationships between personality and performance in small groups, Psychology Bulletin, 56, 242-270.
- Mannix E. et Neale M.A. (2005), What differences make a difference ? The promise and reality of reality of diverse teams in organisations, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 6, 2, 31-55.
- Mathieu J., Maynard M.T., Rapp T. et Gilson L. (2008), Team effectiveness 1997-2007 : A review of recent advancements and a glimpse into the future, Journal of Management, 34, 3, 410-476.
- McCain B.E., O’Reilly C. et Pfeffer, J. (1983), The effects of departmental demography on turnover : The case of a university, Academy of Management Journal, 26, 4, 626-641.
- McDaniel M.A., Schmidt F.L. et Hunter J.E. (1988), Job experience correlates of performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 327-330.
- McEvoy G.M. et Cascio W.F. (1989), Cumulative evidence of the relationship between employee age and job performance, Journal of applied psychology, 74, 1, 11-17.
- McGrath J.E. (1964), Social Psychology : A brief Introduction, New York, NY : Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
- Murnighan J.K. et Conlon D.E. (1991), The dynamics of intense work groups : A study of British string quartets, Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 165-187.
- O’Reilly C.A, Caldwell D. et Barnett W. (1989), Work group demography, social integration, and turnover, Administrative Science Quaterly, 34, 1, 21-37.
- O’Reilly C.A., Snyder, R.C. et Boothe J.N. (1993), Effects of executive team demography on organizational change, in G.P. Huber et W.H. Glick (éds.), Organizational Change and Redesign, 147-175, New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
- Pelled L.H. (1996), Demographic diversity, conflict, work group outcomes : An intervening process theory, Organizational Science, 7, 6, 615-631.
- Pelled L.H., Eisenhardt K.M. et Xin K.R. (1999), Exploring the Black Box : An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1, 1-28.
- Pfeffer J. (1983), Organizational demography in B. Staw et L. Cummings (éds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 299–357, Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.
- Pfeffer J. et Davis-Blake A. (1986), Administrative succession and organizational performance : How administrator experience mediates the succession effect, Academy of Management Journal, 29, 72-83.
- P-Sontag, L., Vappie, K. & Wanberg, C.R. (2007), The practice of mentoring : MENTTIUM Corporation, In B.R. Ragins & K.E. Kram (Eds), The handbook of mentoring : Theory, research and practice Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE, 593–616.
- Quinones M.A., Ford J.K. et Teachout M.S. (1995), The relationship between work experience and job performance : A conceptual and meta-analytic review, Personnel Psychology, 48, 4, 887–910.
- Raabe, B. et Beehr, T.A. (2003), Formal mentoring versus supervisor and coworker relationships : differences in perceptions and impact, Journal of Organizational Behavior 24, 271–293. Ragins, B. R. (1997), Diversified mentoring relationships in organizations : A power perspective, Academy of Management Review, 22, 482- 521.
- Ragins, B. R., Cotton, J. L., et Miller, J. S. (2000). Marginal mentoring : the effects of type of mentor, quality of relations, and program design on work and career attitudes, Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1177–1194.
- Rhodes S.R (1983), Age-related differences in work, attitudes and behavior : A review and conceptual analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 93, 2, 328-367.
- Richard O.C., Kochan T.A. et McMillan-Capehart A. (2002), The impact of visible diversity on organizational effectiveness : Disclosing the contents in the Pandora’s black box, Journal of Business and Management, 8, 3, 265-292.
- Richter A. et Schmidt, S.L. (2006), Antecedents of the performance of management consultants, Schmalenbach Business Review, 58, 4, 365-391.
- Rollin J. (1990), The World Cup 1930-1990 : Sixty Glorious Years of Soccer’s Premier Event, New York, NY : Facts on File.
- Salancik G.R. (1995), Wanted : A good network of organization, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 345-249.
- Salthouse T.A. (1991), Theoretical Perspectives on Cognitive Aging, Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Salthouse, T.A. (1995), Refining the concepts of psychological compensation. In R.A. Dixon et L. Blackman (Eds.), Compensating for psychological deficits and declines : Managing losses and promoting gains, 21-34, Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Schmidt F.L., Hunter J.E. et Outerbridge A.N. (1986), Impact of job experience and ability on job knowledge work sample performance, and supervisory rating of job performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 3, 432-439.
- Schuler R. S., MacMillan I. C. (1984), Gaining competitive advantage through human resource management practices, Human Resource Management, 23, 3, 241-255
- Siegel, J.P. et Ghiselli E.E. (1971), Managerial talent, pay, and age, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1, 1, 129–135.
- Simons T., Pelled L.H. et Smith K.A. (1999), Making use of difference : Diversity, debate and decision comprehensiveness in top management teams, Academy of Management Journal, 42, 6, 662-673.
- Staw B.M. et Hoang H. (1995), Sunk costs in the NBA : Why draft order affects playing time and survival in professional basketball ?, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 3, 474-494.
- Stirling A. (1998), On the economics and analysis of diversity SPRU Electronic Working Paper Number 28. University of Sussex.
- Stirling A. (2007), A general framework for analysing diversity in science, technology and society, Journal of the Royal Society, 4, 15, 707-719.
- Sturman M.C. (2003), Searching for the inverted u-shaped relationship between time and performance : Meta-analyses of the experience/performance, tenure/performance, and age/performance relationships, Journal of Management, 29, 5, 609-640.
- Tesluk P.E. et Jacobs R.R. (1998), Toward an integrated model of work experience, Personnel Psychology, 51, 2, 321-355.
- Tsui A., Egan T. et O’Reilly C. (1992), Being different : Relational demography and organizational attachment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 4, 549–579.
- Ulrich D. (1991), Using human resources for competitive advantage, in R. Kilmann, I. Kilmann and Associates (éds), Making Organizations Competitive, 129-155, San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
- Wagner J. et Gooding R. (1987) Shared influence and organizational behavior : A meta-analysis of situational variables expected to moderate participation–outcome relationships, Academy of Management Journal, 30, 3, 524–541.
- Wagner W., Pfeffer J. et O’Reilly, C. (1984), Organizational demography and turnover in top management groups, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 1, 74–92.
- Washington M. et Zajac E.J. (2005), Status evolution and competition : Theory and evidence, Academy of Management Journal, 48, 282-296.
- Weiss A. (1995), Human capital vs signalling explanations of wages, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9, 4, 133- 154.
- Welford A.T. (1965), Peformance, biological mechanisms and age : A theoretical sketch, in A.T. Welford & J.E. Birren (eds.), Behavior, aging and the nervous system : 3-20. Springfiels, IL : Thomas.
- Wernerfelt B. (1984), A resource based view of the firm, Strategic Management Journal, 5, 4, 171-180.
- Williams E. A., Scandura, T. A. et Gavin M. (2009), Understanding team-level career mentoring by leaders and its effects on individual team-source learning : The effects of intra-group processes, Human Relations, 62, 1635-1666.
- Wolfe R.A., Weick K.E., Usher J.M., Terborg J.R., Poppo L., Murrell A.J., Dukerich J.M., Core D.C., Dickson, K. E. et Jourdan J. S. (2005), Sport and organization studies : Exploring synergy. Journal of Management Inquiry, 14, 2, 182- 210.
- Wright J.D. et Hamilton R.F. (1978), Work satisfaction and age : Some evidence for the `job change’ hypothesis, Social Forces, 56, 4, 1140-1158
- Wright P.M., McMahan G.C. et McWilliams A. (1994), Human resources and sustained competitive advantage : A resource-based perspective, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5, 2, 301–326.
- Yin R.K. (1994), Case study research : Design and methods, Applied social research methods, 5, London : Sage.
- Zenger T. et Lawrence B. (1989), Organizational demography : The differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communications, Academy of Management Journal, 32, 2, 353–376.