Résumés
Abstract
Audio Description is typically used to describe the visual aspects of various cultural products in the creative industries: performed plays, films, sports matches, art gallery and museum items. Such descriptions offer alternative sensory input for blind or partially sighted audiences and have been the staple of research in Audiovisual Translation Studies. There are, however, rather few studies focusing on museum environments and none that examine the niche area of comic art. This article addresses such a gap in two ways. First, it explores comics from an audiovisual translation/accessibility perspective. Second, it reports findings from a pilot study of accessible comic art where the views of selected professionals (curator, comic artists, audio describer) were collected, descriptions for three comics were commissioned and the responses of blind visitors to a comic art museum were gauged. The audio described comics—not without their limitations, as will be shown—are the result of a contingent collaboration of actors in the space of the museum.
Keywords:
- accessibility,
- audiovisual translation,
- comics,
- disability,
- museum space
Résumé
L’audiodescription sert typiquement à décrire les aspects visuels de divers produits culturels dans les industries créatives : les pièces de théâtre, les films, les événements sportifs, les objets dans les galeries d’art et les musées. Ces descriptions offrent des données sensorielles alternatives à un public aveugle ou malvoyant et sont la base de la recherche en traduction audiovisuelle. Il existe cependant bien peu d’études portant sur les musées et aucune n’examine le domaine niche de l’art de la bande dessinée. Le présent article répond à cette lacune de deux façons. D’abord, il explore la bande dessinée du point de vue de la traduction audiovisuelle et de l’accessibilité. Ensuite, il présente les conclusions d’une étude pilote sur l’art de la BD accessible pour laquelle on a recueilli les points de vue de professionnels sélectionnés (conservateur, artistes BD, audiodescripteur), commandé les descriptions de trois bandes dessinées et évalué les réactions de visiteurs aveugles d’un musée de la BD. Les bandes dessinées audiodécrites – non sans limites, dont il est fait mention – sont le résultat d’une collaboration d’acteurs dans l’enceinte du musée.
Mots-clés :
- accessibilité,
- traduction audiovisuelle,
- bandes dessinées,
- handicap,
- espace muséal
Resumen
La audiodescripción sirve típicamente para describir los aspectos visuales de productos culturales en las industrias creativas: obras de teatro, películas, eventos deportivos, objetos de galerías y de museos. Esas descripciones ofrecen una contribución sensorial alternativa a un público ciego o con deficiencia visual y han sido la base de investigaciones en traducción audiovisual. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos estudios sobre los museos y ninguno que examine el campo especializado del arte del cómic. Este artículo aborda la laguna de dos maneras. En primer lugar, explora los cómics desde la perspectiva de la traducción audiovisual y la accesibilidad. En segundo lugar, presenta las conclusiones de un estudio piloto sobre el cómic accesible por el que se recogieron las opiniones de varios profesionales (curador, artistas de cómic, audiodescriptor), se encargaron las descripciones de tres cómics, y se midió la respuesta de visitantes ciegos a un museo de arte del cómic. Los cómics audiodescritos—con las limitaciones que se exponen—son el resultado de una colaboración de diferentes actores dentro del espacio del museo.
Palabras clave:
- accesibilidad,
- traducción audiovisual,
- cómics,
- discapacidad,
- espacio del museo
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aaltonen, Sirkku (2013): Theatre translation as performance. Target. 25(3):385-406.
- Adlab Pro (2017): IO2 REPORT | UNITS: Audio Description Professional: Profile definition. Consulted on September 30, 2022, https://www.adlabpro.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IO2-REPORT-Final.pdf.
- Asimakoulas, Dimitris (2019): Rewriting Humour in Comic Books: Cultural Transfer and Translation of Aristophanic Adaptations. Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan.
- Baetens, Jan (2013): Comics and Characterization: the Case of Fritz Haber (David Vandermeulen). Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 4(1):84-91.
- Bartosch, Sebastian (2016): Understanding Comics’ Mediality as an Actor-Network: Some Elements of Translation in the Works of Brian Fies and Dylan Horrocks. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 7(3):242-253.
- Bosseaux, Charlotte (2015): Dubbing, Film and Performance. Uncanny Encounters. Berlin: Peter Lang.
- Buzelin, Hélène (2005): Unexpected Allies. How Latour’s Network Theory Could Complement Bourdieusian Analyses in Translation Studies. The Translator. 22(11):193-218.
- Christopher, Brandon (2018): Rethinking Comics and Visuality, From the Audio Daredevil to Philipp Meyer’s Life. Disability Studies Quarterly. 38(3).
- Díaz Cintas, Jorge (2018): “Subtitling’s a Carnival”: New Practices in Cyberspace. The Journal of Specialised Translation. 30:127-149.
- Elbow, Peter (1998): Writing with Power. Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process. 2nd edition. Oxford: O.U.P.
- Fraser, Benjamin (2021): Tactile Comics, Disability Studies and the Mind’s Eye: on “A Boat Tour” (2017) in Venice with Max. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 12(5):737-749.
- Fryer, Louise (2016): An Introduction to Audio Description: A Practical Guide. London/New York: Routledge.
- Fryer, Louise and Freeman, Jonathan (2013): Cinematic Language and the Description of Film: Keeping AD Users in the Frame. Perspectives. 21(3):412-426.
- Fryer, Louise and Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2013): Could Audio-Described Films Benefit from Audio Introductions? An Audience Response Study. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 107(4):287-295.
- Harvey, Keith (2003): “Events” and “Horizons.” Reading Ideologies in the “Bindings” of Translations. In: Maria Calzada-Pérez, ed. Apropos of Ideology. Translation Studies on Ideology – Ideologies in Translation Studies, Manchester: St Jerome Publishing, 43-69.
- Hicks, Veronica and Nichols, Alesha (2018): Woven. remus maurice jackson. Consulted on August 19, 2022, https://remusjackson.com/woven.
- Holland, Andrew (2009): Audio Description in the Theatre and the Visual Arts: Images into Words. In: Gunilla Anderman and Jorge Díaz Cintas, eds. Audiovisual Translation. Language Transfer on Screen. Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan, 170-185.
- Hutchinson, Rachel S. and Eardley, Alison F. (2019): Museum Audio Description: the Problem of Textual Fidelity. Perspectives. 27(1):42-57.
- Jiménez Hurtado, Catalilna and Soler Gallego, Silvia (2015): Museum Accessibility through Translation: A Corpus Study of Pictorial Description. In: Jorge Díaz Cintas and Josélia Neves, eds. Audiovisual Translation. Taking Stock. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 277-298.
- Jimson, Kerry (2015): Translating Museum Meanings. A Case of Interpretation. In: Conal McCarthy, ed. The International Handbooks of Museum Studies. Vol. 2. Oxford: Wiley and Sons, 529-549.
- Katan, David (2016): Translating for Outsider Tourists. Cultural Informers Do It Better. Cultus. 9(2):63-90.
- Kerr, Liana (2015): Description of Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons. Liana’s Paper Dolls. Consulted on August 19, 2022, https://lianaspaperdolls.com/uploads/watchmen/Watchmen%20Chapter%201%20At%20Midnight,%20All%20The%20Agents.txt.
- Kleege, Georgina (2018): More than Meets the Eye. What Blindness Brings to Art. Oxford: O.U.P.
- Latour, Bruno (1996): On Actor-Network Theory: A Few Clarifications. Soziale Welt. 47(4):369-381.
- Lee, Yunjung, Joh, Hwayeon, Yoo, Suhyeon and Oh, Uran (2021): AccessComics: An Accessible Digital Comic Book Reader for People with Visual Impairments. Proceedings of the 18th International Web for All Conference (W4A ’21). (18th International Web for All Conference, Lyon, April 19-20, 2021) Ljubljana: ACM.
- Mazur, Iwona (2022): Linguistic and Textual Aspects of Audio Description. In: Christopher Taylor and Elisa Perego, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Audio Description. London/New York: Routledge, 93-106.
- Mikkonen, Kai (2017): The Narratology of Comic Art. London/New York: Routledge.
- Morton, Drew (2015): The Unfortunates: Towards a History and Definition of the Motion Comic. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 6(4):347-366.
- Osolen, Rachel Sarah and Brochu, Leah (2020): Creating an Authentic Experience: A Study in Comic Books, Accessibility, and the Visually Impaired Reader. The International Journal of Information, Diversity and Inclusion. 4(1):108-118.
- Pérez-González, Luis (2014): Audiovisual Translation. Theories, Methods and Issues. London/New York: Routledge.
- Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2019): Accessible Film Making. Integrating Translation and Accessibility into the Filmmaking Process. London/New York: Routledge.
- Saldaña, Johnny (2012): The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishing.
- Secchi, Loretta (2022): “Ut Pictura Poiesis” The Rendering of an Aesthetic Artistic Image in Form and Content. In: Christopher Taylor and Elisa Perego, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Audio Description. London/New York: Routledge, 127-142.
- Shifrin, Matthew (2016): Panel by Panel: Comic Book Access for the Blind. Future Reflections. 35(3).
- Shifrin, Matthew (n.d.): Augmenting the Power of Language. TEDxNatick. Consulted on August 19, 2022, https://www.ted.com/talks/matthew_shifrin_augmenting_the_power_of_language.
- Soler, Silvia and Luque, María Olalla (2018) “Paintings to My Ears”: A method of studying subjectivity in audio description for art museums. Linguistica Antverpiensia. 17:140-156.
- Stylianou-Lambert, Theopisti (2011): Gazing from Home: Cultural Tourism and Art Museums. Annals of Tourism Research. 38(2):403-421.
- Taylor, Christopher and Elisa Perego (2022) ‘Introduction.’ In: Christopher Taylor and Elisa Perego, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Audio Description. London/New York: Routledge, 1-9.
- Van Doorslaer, Luc. (2007): Risking Conceptual Maps: Mapping as a Keywords-Related Tool Underlying the Online Translation Studies Bibliography. Target. 19(2):217-233.
- Walczak, Agnieszka and Fryer, Louise (2017): Creative Description: The Impact of Audio Description Style on Presence in Visually Impaired Audiences. British Journal of Visual Impairment. 35(1):6-17.