Résumés
Abstract
This study examines the perception and preferences of Spanish viewers for natural vs. play-acted dubbing styles in different emotionally-loaded scenes. Two scenes portraying high-intensity emotions (anger and sadness) were selected from an American independent romantic comedy. For each scene, two different dubbed versions (natural and play-acted) were recorded. While the natural version tried to capture the paralinguistic attitudes of native conversation, the play-acted version attempted to preserve the features of dubbese with calques, formulaic routines and other vocal and paralinguistic traits identified in play-acted and dubbed speech by previous studies. In an in-situ experiment, a group of 59 viewers with the same generational profile watched the dubbed scenes and assessed whether and how both versions differed. Then, they were asked to indicate their potential preferences. Results reveal that differences in terms of naturalness between the two versions were more perceptible in the anger scene than in the sad scene. The different emotions portrayed in the scenes also seem to have played a relevant part in viewers’ preferences. Whereas participants showed a stronger preference towards natural voices in the anger scene, the play-acted version was more likable in the sad scene. The presence of visual and vocal expressions of emotion (e.g. sobbing) and background music are discussed as potential influential factors.
Keywords:
- dubbing,
- naturalness,
- dubbese,
- emotions,
- vocal performance
Résumé
Cette étude examine la perception et les préférences des téléspectateurs espagnols pour les styles de doublage naturels ou dramatisés dans différentes scènes chargées d’émotion. Deux scènes représentant des émotions de haute intensité (colère et tristesse) ont été sélectionnées dans une comédie romantique indépendante américaine. Pour chaque scène, deux versions doublées différentes (naturelle et dramatisée) ont été enregistrées. Alors que la version naturelle tentait de capturer les attitudes paralinguistiques de la conversation native, la version dramatisée tentait de préserver les caractéristiques du dubbese avec des calques, des routines et d’autres traits vocaux et paralinguistiques identifiés dans le discours dramatisé et doublé. En réalisant une expérience in situ, un groupe de 59 téléspectateurs avec le même profil générationnel a regardé les scènes doublées et a évalué si les deux versions différaient. Ensuite, on leur a demandé d’indiquer leurs préférences potentielles. Les résultats révèlent que les différences entre les deux versions étaient plus perceptibles dans la scène de colère que dans la scène triste. Les différentes émotions représentées dans les scènes semblent également avoir joué un rôle important dans les préférences des téléspectateurs. Alors que les participants ont montré une préférence plus forte pour les voix naturelles dans la scène de colère, la version dramatisée était plus aimée que la scène triste. La présence d’expressions visuelles et vocales d’émotion (par ex. sanglots) et la musique de fond sont discutées comme des potentiels facteurs influents.
Mots-clés :
- doublage,
- naturel,
- dubbese,
- émotions,
- interprétation vocale
Resumen
Este estudio examina la percepción y las preferencias de los espectadores españoles por un estilo de doblaje natural vs. dramatizado en escenas con diferente contenido emocional. Para ello se seleccionaron dos escenas con alta carga emocional (enfado y tristeza) de una comedia romántica independiente estadounidense. Para cada escena, se grabaron dos versiones dobladas diferentes (natural y dramatizada). Mientras que la versión natural trató de capturar las actitudes paralingüísticas de la conversación real entre nativos, la versión dramatizada intentó preservar las características del dubbese a través de calcos, fórmulas rutinizadas y otros rasgos vocales y paralingüísticos identificados en el habla actuada y doblada en estudios anteriores. En un experimento in situ, un grupo de 59 espectadores con el mismo perfil generacional visionó las escenas dobladas y evaluó si ambas versiones presentaban diferencias y cuáles eran. Luego, se les pidió que indicaran sus posibles preferencias. Los resultados revelan que las diferencias en términos de naturalidad entre las dos versiones fueron más perceptibles en la escena de enfado que en la escena triste. Las diferentes emociones representadas en las escenas también parecen haber jugado un papel relevante en las preferencias de los espectadores. Mientras que los participantes mostraron una preferencia más fuerte por las voces naturales para la escena de enfado, la versión dramatizada generó una mayor aceptación para la escena triste. La presencia de expresiones emocionales visuales y vocales (por ejemplo, sollozos) y la música de fondo se proponen como posibles factores de influencia.
Palabras clave:
- doblaje,
- naturalidad,
- dubbese,
- emociones,
- interpretación vocal
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Antonini, Rachele and Chiaro, Delia (2009): The Perception of Dubbing by Italian Audiences. In: Jorge Díaz-Cintas and Gunilla Anderman, eds. Audiovisual Translation. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 97-114.
- Audibert, Nicolas, Aubergé, Véronique and Rilliard, Albert (2010): Prosodic correlates of acted vs. spontaneous discrimination of expressive speech: A pilot study. Paper presented at Proceedings of Speech Prosody, Chicago, 2010. Consulted on September 30, 2020, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/359c/b9ce6b04a05b9e77a5806300f62797dcc397.pdf.
- Ávila-Cabrera, José Javier (2015): Estudio sobre la subtitulación del lenguaje ofensivo y tabú en los guiones de Tarantino [An Account of the Subtitling of Offensive and Taboo Language in Tarantino’s Screenplays]. Sendebar. 26:37-56.
- Baños Piñero, Rocío, and Chaume, Frederic (2009): Prefabricated orality. A challenge in Audiovisual Translation. inTralinea. Consulted on September 30, 2020, http://www.intralinea.org/specials/article/1714.
- Baños Piñero, Rocío (2014): Orality Markers in Spanish Native and Dubbed Sitcoms: Preteded Spontaneity and Prefabricated Orality. Meta. 59(2): 406-435. Consulted on April 15, 2021 https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/meta/2014-v59-n2-meta01604/1027482ar/.
- Berry, Cicely. (1973): Voice and the Actor. New York: Hungry Minds.
- Bosseaux, Charlotte (2008): Translating Britishness in the French versions of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Quaderns de Filologia. 13:85-103.
- Bosseaux, Charlotte (2019): Voice in French dubbing: The case of Julianne Moore. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology. 27(2):218-234.
- Chaume, Frederic (2001): La pretendida oralidad de los textos audiovisuales y sus implicaciones en traducción. In: Rosa Agost and Frederic Chaume, eds. La traducción en los medios audiovisuales. Castellón de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I, 77-88.
- Chaume, Frederic (2004): Discourse markers in audiovisual translating, Meta. 49(4): 843-855.
- Díaz Cintas, Jorge and Orero, Pilar (2010): Voiceover and dubbing. In: Yves Gambier, ed. Handbook of Translation Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 441-445.
- Fodor, Itsvan (1969): Linguistic and psychological problems of film synchronisation. Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 19:69-106, 379-394.
- Freddi, María (2008): Continuity and variation across translations: phraseology in the Pavia Corpus of Film Dialogue. In: Christopher Taylor, ed. Ecolingua: The Role of E-Corpora in Translation and Language Learning. Trieste: EUT, 52-70: Consulted on November, 23, 2021, https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/3202/1/02Freddi.pdf.
- Giampieri, Patrizia (2017): Taboo language and censorship in the Italian dubbing of “Ted 2.” Lingue e Culture Dei Media. 1(2).
- Giampieri, Patrizia (2018): (Mis)representations of Motherf** in Italian film dubbing. Altre Modernità. 19:175-190.
- Gobl, Christer and Chasaide, Ailbhe N. (2003): The role of voice quality in communicaing emotion, mood and attitude. Speech Communication. 40:189-212.
- Herbst Thomas (1994): Linguistische Aspekte der Synchronisation von Fernsehserien: Phonetik, Textlinguistik, Übersetzungstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
- Herbst, Thomas (1997): Dubbing and the dubbed text—Style and cohesion: textual characteristics of a special form of translation. In: Anna Trosborg, ed. Text Typology and Translation. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 291-308.
- Johnstone, Tom, van Reekum, Carien M., Oakes, Terrence R. et al. (2006): The voice of emotion: an FMRI study of neural responses to angry and happy vocal expressions. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience. 1(3):242-249.
- Jürgens, Rebecca, Hammerschmidt, Kurt and Fischer, Julia (2011): Authentic and play-acted vocal emotion expressions reveal acoustic differences. Frontiers in Psychology. 2(180):1-11.
- Juslin, Patrik N., Laukka, Petri, Bänziger, Tanja (2018): The Mirror to Our Soul? Comparisons of Spontaneous and Posed Vocal Expression of Emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 42:1-40.
- Keen, Suzanne (2007): Empathy and the Novel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Marzà Ibáñez. Anna (2016): La naturalitat en la traducció per al doblatge. El cas dels marcadors d’intensificació. Doctoral thesis. Castellón de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I.
- Marzà Ibàñez, Anna and Prats Rodríguez, Ana Maria (2018): La llengua perifèrica: El doblatge a les televisions públiques valenciana i balear . Vic: Eumo Editorial.
- Myers, Lora (1973): The Art of Dubbing. Filmmakers Newsletter. 6:56-58.
- Naranjo, Beatriz (2015): Translating blackness in Spanish dubbing. RESLA (Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada. 2(28):416-441.
- Naranjo, Beatriz (2018): Moving Music for Moving Source Texts: the Influence of Emotional Music on Translation Performance. TCB: Translation, Cogniton & Behavior Journal. 1(2):319-340.
- Naranjo, Beatriz (2019): Immersed in the Source Text: The Role of Psychological Transportation in Literary Translation. Babel. 65(2):264-285.
- Oliver, Mary B. (1993): Exploring the paradox of the enjoyment of sad films. Human Communication Research. 19:315-342.
- PalenciaVilla, Rosa María (2002): La influencia del doblaje audiovisual en la percepción de los personajes. Doctoral thesis, unpublished. Barcelona: Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
- Pavesi, Maria (1996): L’allocuzione nel doppiaggio dall’inglese all’italiano. In: Christine Heiss and Rosa María Bollettieri Bosinelli, eds. Traduzione multimediale per il cinema, la televisione e lascena. Bologna: Clueb, 117-130.
- Pavesi, Maria (2008): Spoken language in film dubbing: Target language norms, interference and translational routines. In: Delia Chiaro, Christine Heiss and Chiara Bucaria, eds. Between text and image. Updating research in screen translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 79-99.
- Pavesi, Maria( 2012): The enriching functions of address shifts in film translation. In AVT and Media Accessibility at the Crossroads. In: Aline Remael, Pilar Orero and Mary Carroll, eds. Media for All 3. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 335-356.
- Pavesi, Maria (2016): Formulaicity in and across film dialogue: Clefts as translational routines. Across Languages and Cultures 17(1):99-121.Pavesi, Maria (2018): Translational routines in dubbing. Taking stock and moving forwards. In: Irene Ranzato and Serenella Zanotti, eds. Linguistic and cultural representation in audiovisual translation. New York: Routledge, 11-30.
- Perez-Gonzalez, Luis (2007): Appraising dubbed conversation: Systemic functional insights into the construal of naturalness in translated film dialogue. Translator. 13(1):1-38.
- Pietrowicz, Mary, Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark and Karahalios, Karrie (2017): Acoustic correlates for perceived effort levels in expressive speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142(2):792-811.
- Quaglio, Paulo (2009): Television Dialogue: The Sitcom Friends vs. Natural Conversation . Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Ranzato, Irene (2009): Censorship or ‘Creative’ Translation?: The Italian Experience from Tennessee Williams to Woody Allen to Six Feet Under. In: Federico Federici, ed. Translating Regionalised Voices in Audiovisuals. Rome: Aracne, 43-70.
- Romero Fresco, Pablo (2007): Synching and swimming naturally on the side – the translation of hesitation in dubbing. Linguistica Antverpiensia. 6:185-202.
- Romero Fresco, Pablo (2009): Naturalness in the Spanish Dubbing Language: a Case of Not-so-close Friends. Meta: Journal des traducteurs. 54(1):49-72.
- Romero Fresco, Pablo (2012): Dubbing dialogues… naturally: a pragmatic approach to the translation of transition markers in dubbing. MonTI. Monografías de Traducción e Interpretación. 4:181-205.
- Sánchez-Mompeán, Sofía (2017): The rendition of English intonation in Spanish dubbing. La naturalidad de la entonación en doblaje y su traducción del inglés al castellano. Doctoral thesis, unpublished. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia.
- Sánchez-Mompeán, Sofía (2019): Prefabricated orality at tone level: Bringing dubbing intonation into the spotlight. Perspectives. Studies in Translation Theory and Practice. 28(2):284-299.
- Sánchez-Mompeán, Sofía (2020): The prosody of dubbed speech. Beyond the character’s words. Cham (Switzerland): Palgrave, MacMillan.
- Scherer, Klaus. R. (1995): Expression of emotion in voice and music. Journal of Voice. 9(3):235-248.
- Schingler, Martin (2006): Fasten your seatbelts and prick up your ears: the dramatic human voice in film. Scope. 5:1-12.
- Smith, Susan (2007): Voices in Film. In: John Gibbs and Douglas Peye, eds. Close up 02. London: Willflower Press, 159-238.
- Sobin, Christina and Alpert, Murray (1999): Emotion in Speech: The Acoustic Attributes of Fear, Anger, Sadness, and Joy. Journal of Psycholinguist Research. 28 (4):347-365.
- Soler Pardo, Betlem (2013): Translating and Dubbing Verbal Violence in Reservoir Dogs. Censorship in the Linguistic Transference of Quentin Tarantino’s (Swear)Words. The Journal of Specialised Translation. 20:1-6.
- Spiteri Miggiani, Giselle (2019): Dialogue Writing for Dubbing An Insider’s Perspective. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Wassiliwizky, Eugen, Wagner, Valentin, Jacobsen, Thomas et al. (2015): Art-elicited chills indicate states of being moved. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 9(4):405-416.
- Whitman-Linsen, Candace (1992): Through the Dubbing Glass. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
- Whittaker, Tom (2012): Locating “la voz”: The space and sound of Spanish dubbing. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 13(3):292-305.
- Whittaker, Tom and Wright, Sarah (2012): Locating the Voice in Film: Critical Approaches and Global Practices. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Wright, Jean Annand Lallo, M.J. (2013):Voice-Over for Animation Burlington Massachusetts: Focal Press.
- Zamora Muñoz, Pablo (2016): Italian interrogative-exclamatory sequences with cazzo in Italian film speech and their dubbing into Spanish: techniques applied and translation norms. Hermeneus: Revista de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación de Soria. 18:315-339.
- Zanotti, Serenella (2012): Censorship or Profit? The Manipulation of Dialogue in Dubbed Youth Films, Meta, 57(2), 351-368.Consulted on April 15, 2021, https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/meta/2012-v57-n2-meta0432/1013950ar.pdf.
- Zanotti, Serenella (2014): Observing translation norms in dubbed audiovisuals: The case of vague language expressions. In: Alessandra Molino and Serenella Zanotti, eds. Observing Norms, Observing Usage: Lexis in Dictionaries and in the Media. Bern: Peter Lang, 351-371.