Résumés
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the psycholinguistic study of translation, research on its neurological underpinnings has been limited and sparse. Translation scholars have recently taken an interest in relevant neuroscientific evidence, focusing on imaging studies. This paper addresses the issue by considering an equally important body of data: clinical evidence. Specifically, a hypothesis-driven analysis is offered of 21 cases of brain-lesioned bilinguals exhibiting translation disorders. Three neurofunctional and three neuroanatomical hypotheses are derived from the Revised Hierarchical Model and the Declarative/Procedural Model, respectively. Consistent with relevant predictions, the evidence suggests that there are neurofunctionally independent routes for translation, as opposed to monolingual speech production; backward, as opposed to forward, translation; and form-based, as opposed to conceptually mediated, translation. Available data further indicates that word and sentence translation are critically subserved by posterior brain areas implicated in declarative memory, and by frontobasal areas implicated in procedural memory, respectively. In addition, translation routes appear to be entirely left-lateralized.
Keywords:
- brain processes,
- bilingual aphasia,
- translation routes,
- Revised Hierarchical Model,
- Declarative/Procedural Model
Résumé
Malgré les progrès dans l’étude psycholinguistique de la traduction, l’exploration de ses bases cérébrales s’avère limitée et dispersée. La traductologie a commencé à s’intéresser aux données neuroscientifiques pertinentes en se focalisant sur des études d’imagerie cérébrale. Pour aborder la question, cet article considère une source de renseignements également importante : les données cliniques. En particulier, la présente revue offre une interprétation de 21 cas de patients cérébrolésés bilingues avec troubles de la traduction. Trois hypothèses neurofonctionnelles et trois hypothèses neuroanatomiques sont proposées à partir du modèle hiérarchique et du modèle déclaratif/procédural, respectivement. En faveur des prédictions pertinentes, les données suggèrent qu’il y a des voies neurofonctionnelles indépendantes pour la traduction et la production verbale unilingue ; pour la traduction directe et la traduction inversée ; et pour la traduction au niveau formel et au niveau conceptuel. De plus, les données indiquent que la traduction de mots et de phrases dépendent de régions cérébrales postérieures impliquées dans la mémoire déclarative, et de régions frontobasales impliquées dans la mémoire procédurale, respectivement. Aussi, les voies de traduction semblent être localisées exclusivement dans l’hémisphère gauche.
Mots-clés :
- procès cérébraux,
- aphasie bilingue,
- routes de traduction,
- modèle hiérarchique,
- modèle déclaratif/procédural
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aglioti, Salvatore and Fabbro, Franco (1993): Paradoxical selective recovery in a bilingual aphasic following subcortical lesions. NeuroReport. 4:1359-1362.
- Bajo, María, Padilla, Francisca and Padilla, Presentación (2000): Comprehension processes in simultaneous interpreting. In: Andrew Chesterman, Natividad Gallardo San Salvador and Yves Gambier, eds. Translationin Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 127-142.
- Bell, Roger (1991): Translation and Translating. London: Longman.
- Borius, Pierre-Yves, Giussani, Carlo, Draper, Louisa, et al. (2012): Sentence translation in proficient bilinguals: A direct electrostimulation brain mapping. Cortex. 48:614-622.
- Byng, Sally, Coltheart, Max, Masterson, Jacqueline, et al. (1984): Bilingual biscriptal deep dyslexia. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 36(3):417-433.
- Braver, Todd, Barch, Deanna, Kelley, William, et al. (2001): Direct comparison of prefrontal cortex regions engaged by working and long-term memory tasks. Neuroimage. 14:48-59.
- Capitani, Erminio, Laiacona, Marcella, Mahon, Bradford, et al. (2003): What are the facts of semantic category-specific deficits? A critical review of the clinical evidence. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 20(3/4/5/6):213-261.
- Chee, Michael, Soon, Chun and Lee, Hwee (2003): Common and segregated neuronal networks for different languages revealed using functional magnetic resonance adaptation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 15:85-97.
- Christoffels, Ingrid, de Groot, Annette and Waldorp, Lourens (2003): Basic skills in a complex task: A graphical model relating memory and lexical retrieval to simultaneous interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 6(3):201-211.
- Damasio, Antonio (1994): Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. London: Penguin.
- Darò, Valeria and Fabbro, Franco (1994): Verbal memory during simultaneous interpretation: Effects of phonological interference. Applied Linguistics. 15:365-381.
- de Groot, Annette (2000): A complex-skill approach to translation and interpreting. In: Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit and Ritta Jääskeläinen, eds. Tapping and Mapping the Processes ofTranslation and Interpreting. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 53-68.
- DeVreese, Luc, Motta, Massimo and Toschi, Andrea (1988): Compulsive and paradoxical translation behaviour in a case of presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Neurolinguistics. 3(2):233-259.
- Diamond, Bruce and Shreve, Gregory (2010): Neural and physiological correlates of translation and interpreting in the bilingual brain: Recent perspectives. In: Gregory Shreve and Erik Angelone, eds. Translation and Cognition. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 289-322.
- Elmer, Stefan, Meyer, Martin and Jancke, Lutz (2010): Simultaneous interpreters as a model for neuronal adaptation in the domain of language processing. Brain Research. 1317:147-156.
- Eviatar, Zohar, Leikin, Marc and Ibrahim, Raphiq (1999): Phonological processing of second language phonemes: A selective deficit in a bilingual aphasic. Language Learning. 49(1):121-141.
- Fabbro, Franco (1999): The Neurolinguistics of Bilingualism: An Introduction. Hove, Sussex: Psychology Press.
- Fabbro, Franco (2001): The bilingual brain: Cerebral representation of languages. Brain and Language. 79:211-222.
- Fabbro, Franco and Paradis, Michel (1995): Differential impairments in four multilingual patients with subcortical lesions. In: Michel Paradis, ed. Aspects of Bilingual Aphasia. Oxford: Pergamon, 139-176.
- Fabbro, Franco, Gran, Laura, Basso, Gianpaolo, et al. (1990): Cerebral lateralization in simultaneous interpretation. Brain and Language. 39(1):69-89.
- Fabbro, Franco, Gran, Bruno and Gran, Laura (1991): Hemispheric specialization for semantic and syntactic components of language in simultaneous interpreting. Brain and Language. 41:1-42.
- Fabbro, Franco, Skrap, Miran and Aglioti, Salvatore (2000): Pathological switching between languages following frontal lesion in a bilingual patient. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 68:650-652.
- French, Robert and Jacquet, Maud (2004): Understanding bilingual memory: Models and data. Trends in Cognitive Science. 8(2):87-93.
- García, Adolfo (2013): Brain activity during translation: A review of the neuroimaging evidence as testing ground for clinically-based hypotheses. Journal of Neurolinguistics. 26(3):370-383.
- García-Caballero, Alejandro, García-Lado, Isabel, González-Hermida, Javier, et al. (2007): Paradoxical recovery in a bilingual patient with aphasia after right capsuloputaminal infarction. Journal of Neurosurgical Psychiatry. 78:89-91.
- Gastaldi, Guido (1951): Osservazioni su un afasico bilingüe. Sistema Nervoso. 2:175-180.
- Gile, Daniel (1990): Scientific research vs. personal theories in the investigation of interpretation. In: Laura Gran and Christopher Taylor, eds. Aspects of Applied and Experimental Research on Conference Interpretation. Udine: Campanotto, 28-41.
- Gran, Laura and Fabbro, Franco (1991): A dichotic-listening study on error recognition among professional interpreters. In: Miladen Jovanovic, ed. Proceedings of the XII World Congress of FI. Belgrade: Prevodilac, 564-572.
- Green, David (1986): Control, activation, and resource: A framework and a model for the control of speech in bilinguals. Brain and Language. 27:210-223.
- Green, David (2005): The neurocognition of recovery patterns in bilingual aphasics. In: Judith Kroll and Annette de Groot, eds. Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 516-530.
- Hernandez, Arturo (2009): Language switching in the bilingual brain: What’s next? Brain and Language. 109:133-140.
- Hervais-Adelman, Alexis, Moser-Mercer, Barbara, Michel, Christoph, et al. (2011): The neural basis of simultaneous interpretation: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of novice simultaneous interpreters. Poster presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Bilingualism, Oslo, 15-18 June 2011.
- Hull, Rachel and Vaid, Jyotsna (2007): Bilingual language lateralization: A meta-analytic tale of two hemispheres. Neuropsychologia. 45:1987-2008.
- Hurtado Albir, Amparo (1990): La notion de fidélité en traduction. Paris: Didier.
- HurtadoAlbir, Amparo (2001): Traducción y Traductología: introducción a la traductología. Madrid: Cátedra.
- Ijalba, Elizabeth, Obler, Loraine and Chengappa, Shymala (2004): Bilingual aphasia. In: Tej Bathia and William Ritchie, eds. The Handbook of Bilingualism. Malden: Blackwell, 71-89.
- Jakobson, Roman (1964). Discussion. In: A. V. S. DeReuck and Maeve O’Conner, eds. Disorders of Language. Boston: Little, Brown, 120.
- Janyan, Armina, Popivanov, Ivo and Andonova, Elena (2009): Concreteness effect and word cognate status: ERPs in single word translation. In: Kai Alter, Merle Horne, Magnus Lindgren, et al., eds. Brain Talk: Discourse with and in the Brain. Lund: Lunds Universitet, 21-30.
- Kauders, Otto (1929): Über polyglotte Reaktionen bei einer sensorischen Aphasie. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 149:291-301.
- Klein, Denise, Milner, Brenda, Zatorre, Robert, et al. (1995): The neural substrates underlying word generation: A bilingual functional-imaging study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America. 92(7):2899-2903.
- Klein, Denise, Zatorre, Robert, Chen, Jen-Kai, et al. (2006): Bilingual brain organization: A functional magnetic resonance adaptation study. NeuroImage. 31:366-375.
- Kroll, Judith and Stewart, Erika (1994): Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language. 33:149-174.
- Kroll, Judith, vanHell, Janet, Tokowicz, Natasha, et al. (2010): The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 13:373-381.
- Kurz, Ingrid (1995): Watching the brain at work – An exploratory study of EEG changes during simultaneous interpreting (SI). The Interpreters’ Newsletter. 6:3-16.
- Lebrun, Yves (1991): Polyglotte Reaktionen. Neurolinguistik. 5:1-9.
- Lederer, Marianne (1978/2002): Simultaneous interpretation – Units of meaning and other features. In: Franz Pöchhacker and Miriam Shlesinger, eds. The Interpreting Studies Reader. London/New York: Routledge, 131-140.
- Lehtonen, Minna, Laine, Matti, Niemi, Jussi, et al. (2005): Brain correlates of sentence translation in Finnish-Norwegian bilinguals. NeuroReport. 16(6):607-610.
- Malakoff, Marguerite (1992): Translation ability: A natural bilingual and metalinguistic skill. In: Richard Jackson Harris, ed. Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals. Amsterdam: North Holland, 515-529.
- Massaro, Dominic and Shlesinger, Miriam (1997): Information processing and a computational approach to the study of simultaneous interpretation. Interpreting. 2:13-53.
- Moser-Mercer, Barbara (1994): Paradigms gained or the art of productive disagreement. In: Sylvie Lambert and Barbara Moser-Mercer, eds. Bridging the Gap: Empirical Research in Simultaneous Interpretation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 17-23.
- Moser-Mercer, Barbara (2010): The search for neuro-physiological correlates of expertise in interpreting. In: Gregory Shreve and Erik Angelone, eds. Translation and Cognition. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 263-288.
- Nilipour, Reza and Ashayeri, Hassan (1989): Alternating antagonism between two languages with successive recovery of a third in a trilingual aphasic patient. Brain and Language. 36:23-48.
- Ojemann, George and Whitaker, Harry (1978). The bilingual brain. Archives of Neurology. 35:409-412.
- Paradis, Michel (1977): Bilingualism and aphasia. In: Haiganoosh Whitaker and Harry Whitaker, eds. Studies in Neurolinguistics. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press, 65-121.
- Paradis, Michel (1979): L’Aphasie chez les bilingues et les polyglottes. In: André Lecours and François L’hermitte, eds. L’Aphasie. Paris: Flammarion, 605-616.
- Paradis, Michel (1984): Aphasie et traduction. Meta. 29:57-67.
- Paradis, Michel (1989): Bilingual and polyglot aphasia. In: François Boller and Jordan Grafman, eds. Handbook of Neuropsychology. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 117-140.
- Paradis, Michel (1994a): Neurolinguistic aspects of implicit and explicit memory: Implications for bilingualism. In: Nick Ellis, ed. Implicit and Explicit Learning of Second Languages. London: Academic Press, 393-419.
- Paradis, Michel (1994b): Towards a neurolinguistic theory of simultaneous translation: The framework. International Journal of Psycholinguistics. 10,3(29):319-335.
- Paradis, Michel (2003): The bilingual Loch Ness monster raises its non-asymmetric head again – or, why bother with such cumbersome notions as validity and reliability? Comments on Evans et al. (2002). Brain and Language. 87:441-448.
- Paradis, Michel (2004): A Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Paradis, Michel (2009): Declarative and Procedural Determinants of Second Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Paradis, Michel, Goldblum, Marie-Claire and Abidi, Raouf (1982): Alternate antagonism with paradoxical translation behavior in two bilingual aphasic patients. Brain and Language. 15:55-69.
- Perecman, Ellen (1984): Spontaneous translation and language mixing in a polyglot aphasic. Brain and Language. 23:43-63.
- Pöchhacker, Franz (2004): Introducing Interpreting Studies. New York: Routledge.
- Price, Cathy, Green, David and vonStudnitz, Roswitha (1999): A functional imaging study of translation and language switching. Brain. 122:2221-2235.
- Proverbio, Alice, Adorni, Roberta and Zani, Alberto (2009): Inferring native language from early bio-electrical activity. Biological Psychology. 80:52-63.
- Proverbio, Alice and Adorni, Roberta (2011): Hemispheric asymmetry for language Processing and lateral preference in simultaneous interpreters. Psychology. 2(1):12-17.
- Quaresima, Valentina, Ferrari, Marco, vanderSlujis, Marco, et al. (2002): Lateral frontal cortex oxygenation changes during translation and language switching revealed by non-invasive near-infrared multi-point measurements. Brain Research Bulletin. 59(3):235-243.
- Rapport, Richard, Tan, C. T. and Whitaker, Harry (1983): Language function and dysfunction among Chinese- and English-speaking polyglots: Cortical stimulation, Wada testing, and clinical studies. Brain and Language. 18:342-366.
- Rinne, Juha, Tommola, Jorma, Laine, Matti, et al. (2000): The translating brain: Cerebral activation patterns during simultaneous interpreting. Neuroscience Letters. 294:85-88.
- Schulze, Heinz (1968): Unterschiedliche Ruckbildung einer sensorischen und einer ideokinetischen motorischen Aphasie bei einem Polyglotten. Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie. 20:441-445.
- Squire, Larry (2008): The legacy of patient H.M. for neuroscience. Neuron. 61(1):6-9.
- Stengel, Erwin and Zelmanowitz, Joseph (1933): Über polyglotte motorische Aphasie. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 1.
- Tymoczko, Maria (2012): The neuroscience of translation. Target. 24(1):83-102.
- Ullman, Michael (2001): The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: The declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 4(1):105-122.
- Veyrac, Guillaume-Julien (1931): Étude de l’aphasie chez les sujets polyglottes. Paris: L. Arnette.
- Weekes, Brendan and Raman, Ilhan (2008): Bilingual deep dysphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 25(3):411-436.
- Weisenberg, Theodore and McBride, Katherine (1935): Aphasia: A Clinical and Psychological Study. New York: Hafner.