Résumés
Abstract
This article reflects on the divergences between translated and non-translated texts, and the specificities of fictional dialogue in audiovisual texts. Research suggests that audiovisual dialogue consists of a combination of linguistic features used in speech and writing, and that both translators and scriptwriters should aim to achieve a balance of these features to create spontaneous-sounding dialogues. Working with an audiovisual corpus of domestic and dubbed sitcoms in Spanish (Siete Vidas and Friends respectively), the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of how Spanish dialogues are shaped from a linguistic point of view across all language levels, highlighting the trends identified in their production and their translation in order to compare them. The results reveal the complex relationship established between speech and writing in audiovisual texts, and disclose the resources used by translators and scriptwriters to carefully plan dialogues which sound credible. Findings also suggest that domestic audiovisual texts bear more resemblance to spontaneous conversation than dubbed texts.
Keywords:
- audiovisual translation,
- dubbing,
- dubbese,
- fictional dialogue,
- prefabricated orality
Résumé
Cet article examine les divergences qui existent entre les textes traduits et les textes non traduits ainsi que les spécificités du dialogue fictionnel dans les textes audiovisuels. Certains travaux de recherche suggèrent que le dialogue audiovisuel est constitué d’un ensemble de caractéristiques linguistiques utilisées à l’oral et à l’écrit, et que les traducteurs ainsi que les scénaristes devraient viser à atteindre un équilibre entre ces caractéristiques pour créer des dialogues qui soient spontanés. Cet article s’appuie sur un corpus audiovisuel comprenant une comédie de situation (sitcom) en langue originale (Siete Vidas) et une autre doublée en espagnol (Friends), afin d’offrir une vue d’ensemble sur la façon dont les dialogues espagnols sont formés d’un point de vue linguistique à tous les niveaux de la langue. Nous présentons les tendances qui ont été identifiées dans la production et la traduction de ces dialogues afin de les comparer. Les résultats révèlent qu’une relation complexe s’établit entre parole et écriture dans les textes audiovisuels et nous exposons les ressources utilisées par les traducteurs et les scénaristes pour créer des dialogues qui soient crédibles. Les résultats suggèrent aussi que les textes audiovisuels en langue originale ont plus de ressemblance avec les conversations spontanées que les textes doublés.
Mots-clés :
- traduction audiovisuelle,
- doublage,
- dubbese,
- dialogue fictionnel,
- oralité préfabriquée
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aleza, Milagros (2006): Cuestiones gramaticales y desviaciones frecuentes. In: Milagros Aleza, ed. Lengua española para los medios de comunicación: usos y normas actuales. Valencia: Tirant Lo Blanch, 47-101.
- Ávila, Alejandro (1997): El doblaje. Madrid: Cátedra.
- Baker, Mona (1996): Corpus-based translation studies: the challenges that lie ahead. In: Harold Somers, ed. Terminology, LSP and Translation: Studies in language engineering in honour of Juan C. Sager. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 175-186.
- Baños-Piñero, Rocío and Chaume, Frederic (2009): Prefabricated orality: a challenge in audiovisual translation. In: Michela Giorgio Marrano, Giovanni Nadiani and Chris Rundle, eds. The Translation of Dialects in Multimedia. Special Issue of Intralinea. Visited 3 August 2012, http://www.intralinea.it/specials/dialectrans/ita_more.php?id=761_0_49_0_M.
- Barambones, Josu (2012): Mapping the Dubbing Scene. Audiovisual Translation in Basque Television. Oxford: Peter Lang.
- Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey et al. (1999):Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
- Bonsignori, Veronica, Bruti, Silvia and Masi, Silvia (2012): Exploring greetings and leave-takings in original and dubbed language. In: Aline Remael, Pilar Orero and Mary Carrol, eds. Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility at the Crossroads. Media for All 3. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, 357-379.
- Briz, Antonio (1996): El español coloquial: situación y uso. Madrid: Arco Libros.
- Briz, Antonio (2001): El español coloquial en la conversación. Esbozo de pragmagramática. Barcelona: Ariel.
- Brown, Gillian (1977): Listening to Spoken English. London: Longman.
- Brown, Gillian and Yule, George (1983): Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Carter, Ronald and McCarthy, Michael (1997): Exploring Spoken English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Chaume, Frederic (2004a): Cine y traducción. Madrid: Cátedra.
- Chaume, Frederic (2004b): Synchronization in dubbing: a translational approach. In: Pilar Orero, ed. Topics in Audiovisual Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 35-52.
- Chaume, Frederic (2006): Screen translation: dubbing. In: Keith Brown, ed. Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 6-9.
- Chaume, Frederic (2007): Dubbing practices in Europe: localisation beats globalisation. Linguistica Antwerpiensia. 6:201-217.
- Comparato, Doc (1993): De la creación al guión. Madrid: Instituto Oficial de Radio y Televisión Española.
- Cornbleet, Sandra and Carter, Ronald (2001): The Language of Speech and Writing. London: Routledge.
- Corpas, Gloria (1997):Manual de fraseología española. Madrid: Gredos.
- Cuenca, Maria Josep (2006): Interjections and pragmatic errors in dubbing. Meta. 51(1):20-35.
- Dolç, Mavi and Santamaria, Laura (1998): La traducció de l’oralitat en el doblatge. Quaderns. Revista de Traducció, 2:97-105.
- Duro, Miguel (2001): ‘Eres patético’: el español traducido del cine y de la televisión. In: Miguel Duro, ed. La traducción para el doblaje y la subtitulación. Madrid: Cátedra, 161-185.
- Field, Syd (2003): The Definitive Guide to Screenwriting. London: Ebury Press.
- Flinn, Denny Martin (1999): How Not to Write a Screenplay: 101 Common Mistakes Most Screenwriters Make. New York: Watson-Guptill.
- Gómez Capuz, Juan (2001): La interferencia pragmática del inglés sobre el español en doblajes, telecomedias y lenguaje coloquial: una aportación al estudio del cambio lingüístico en curso. Tonos Digital, Revista Electrónica de Estudios Filológicos 2. Visited 3 August 2012, http://www.um.es/tonosdigital/znum2/estudios/Doblaje1.htm.
- Gregory, Michael and Carroll, Susanne (1978): Language and Situation. Language Varieties and Their Social Contexts. London: Routledge.
- Herbst, Thomas (1997): Dubbing and the dubbed text. Style and cohesion: textual characteristics of a special form of translation. In: Anna Trosborg, ed. Text Typology and Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 291-308.
- Kozloff, Sarah (2000): Overhearing Film Dialogue. California: University of California Press.
- Marzà, Anna and Chaume, Frederic (2009): The language of dubbing: present facts and future perspectives. In: Maria Pavesi, and Maria Freddi eds. Analysing Audiovisual Dialogue. Linguistic and Translational Insights. Bologna: Clueb, 31-39.
- Matamala, Anna (2008): La oralidad en la ficción televisiva: análisis de las interjecciones de un corpus de comedias de situación originales y dobladas. In: Jenny Brumme ed. La oralidad fingida: descripción y traducción. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 81-94.
- Matamala, Anna (2009): Interjections in original and dubbed sitcoms: a comparison. Meta. 54(3):485-502.
- Matamala, Anna (2010): Translations for dubbing as dynamic texts. Strategies in film synchronization. Babel. 56(2):101-118.
- McKee, Robert (1998): Story: Substance, Structure, Style and the Principles of Screenwriting. London: Methuen.
- Myers, Lora (1973): The art of dubbing. Filmmakers Newsletter. 6:56-58.
- Padilla, Xose Antonio (2000) El orden de las palabras. In: Antonio Briz and Grupo Val.Es.Co, eds. ¿Cómo se comenta un texto coloquial?. Barcelona: Ariel, 221-242.
- Pavesi, Maria (2008): Spoken language in film dubbing: target language norms, interference and translational routines. In: Delia Chiaro, Christine Heiss and Chiara Bucaria eds. Between Text and Image. Updating Research in Screen Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 79-99.
- Pavesi, Maria (2009): Pronouns in film dubbing and the dynamics of audiovisual communication. In: Roberto Valdeón, ed. Special issue of VIAL (Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics). 6:89-107.
- Perego, Elisa and Taylor, Christopher (2009): An analysis of the language of original and translated film: dubbing into English. In: Maria Pavesi, and Maria Freddi eds. Analysing Audiovisual Dialogue. Linguistic and Translational Insights. Bologna: Clueb, 57-73.
- Pérez-González, Luis (2007): Appraising dubbed conversation. Systemic functional insights into the construal of naturalness in translated film dialogue. The Translator. 13(1):1-38.
- Quaglio, Paulo (2009): Television Dialogue. The Sitcom Friends vs. Natural Conversation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2006): The Spanish dubbese: A case of (un)idiomatic Friends. The Journal of Specialised Translation. 6:134-151.
- Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2009a): Naturalness in the Spanish dubbing language: a case of not-so-close Friends. Meta. 54(1):49-72.
- Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2009b): Description of the language used in dubbing: the Spanish dubbese. In: Maria Pavesi, and Maria Freddi eds. Analysing Audiovisual Dialogue. Linguistic and Translational Insights. Bologna: Clueb, 41-57.
- Ruiz Gurillo, Leonor (2000): La fraseología. In: Antonio Briz and Grupo Val.Es.Co, eds. ¿Cómo se comenta un texto coloquial?. Barcelona: Ariel, 169-189.
- Salvador, Vicent (1989): L’anàlisi del discurs, entre l’oralitat i l’escriptura. Caplletra. 7:9-31.
- Sanmartín, Julia (2006): El léxico: del recurso estilístico a la lengua de especialidad, In: Milagros Aleza, ed. Lengua española para los medios de comunicación: usos y normas actuales. Valencia: Tirant Lo Blanch, 245-266.
- Tagliamonte, Sali and Roberts, Chris (2005): So weird; so cool; so innovative: the use of intensifiers in the television series Friends. American Speech, 80(3):280-300.
- Taylor, Christopher (2004): The language of film: corpora and statistics in the search for authenticity. Notting Hill (1998) – a case study. Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies, 30:71-86.
- Televisió de Catalunya (1997):Criteris lingüístics sobre traducció i doblatge. Barcelona: Edicions 62.
- Toledano, Gonzalo and Verde, Nuria (2007): Cómo crear una serie de televisión. Madrid: T&B Editores.
- Toury, Gideon (1995): Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Von Flotow, Luise (2009): Frenching the Feature Film, Twice – Or le synchronien au débat, In: Jorge Díaz Cintas, ed. New Trends in Audiovisual Translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 86-102.
- Vigara, Ana María (1992): Morfosintaxis del español coloquial. Esbozo estilístico. Madrid: Gredos.
- Weinstein, Nina (1982): Whaddaya Say? Guided Practice in Relaxed Spoken English. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
- Whitman-Linsen, Candance (1992): Through the Dubbing Glass. The Synchronization of American Motion Pictures into German, French and Spanish. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.