Résumés
Abstract
Adaptation, as both a method and a textual category, has been a perennial favorite with text mediators who call themselves translators, appearing especially prominently in intersemiotic rather than interlingual translation. The present paper examines the concepts and practices of adaptation, drawing particular attention to examples from both the West and the Far East. Just as a preference for adaptive methods in translation can be seen in certain periods of Western literary history (e.g. seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France), there were times when adaptations were hailed in China, Japan and Korea. In the course of the discussion, reference will be made to (1) the modernist adaptations undertaken by Western writers through much of the twentieth century; (2) the sequences of novelistic adaptations spawned in Korea and Japan by Chinese classical novels; and (3) the adaptations of European novels by the prodigious twentieth-century Chinese translator Lin Shu. It will be shown that there is a need for translation scholars to question the theoretical validity of the dichotomy between the two modes of “translation” and “adaptation,” as well as an urgency to reconsider the supposed “inferior” status of adaptations.
Keywords:
- adaptation,
- free translation,
- rewriting,
- transmutation,
- transcreation
Résumé
L’adaptation, évoquant à la fois la méthode et les textes en résultant, a toujours été prisée par les médiateurs du texte se désignant eux-mêmes traducteurs, et se montre particulièrement saillante en traduction intersémiotique, comparativement à la traduction interlangue. Le présent article examine les pratiques et les concepts relatifs à l’adaptation, avec une attention particulière portée à des exemples en provenance d’Occident et d’Extrême-Orient. De même que certaines périodes de l’histoire littéraire occidentale ont montré une préférence pour les méthodes adaptatives (par exemple, le xviie et le xviiie siècle en France), il y eut des moments de l’histoire de la Chine, du Japon et de la Corée pendant lesquels l’adaptation était valorisée. La discussion portera notamment sur : 1) les adaptations modernistes entreprises par les écrivains occidentaux pendant une grande partie du xxe siècle ; 2) les séries d’adaptations romanesques qui se sont répandues en Corée et au Japon par les romans classiques chinois ; et 3) les adaptations des romans européens par Lin Shu, un prodigieux traducteur chinois du xxe siècle. Nous montrerons qu’il est souhaitable que les chercheurs en traductologie s’interrogent sur la validité, sur le plan théorique, de la dichotomie entre « traduction » et « adaptation », et qu’il est urgent de remettre en question le statut « d’infériorité » des adaptations.
Mots-clés:
- adaptation,
- traduction libre,
- réécriture,
- transmutation,
- transcréation
Parties annexes
References
- Arnold, Matthew (1861): “On Translating Homer: Three Lectures Give at Oxford.” Visited on January 14th, 2009.<http://www.victorianprose.org/texts/Arnold/Works/on_translating_homer.pdf>.
- Branchadell, Albert (2005): Introduction: Less Translated Languages as a Field of Inquiry. In: Albert Branchadell and Margaret West, eds. Less Translated Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1-27.
- Brower, Reuben (1974): Mirror on Mirror: Translation, Imitation, Parody. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Cameron, Derrick (2000): Tradaptation: Cultural Exchange and Black British Theatre. In: Carole-Anne Upton, ed. Moving Target: Theatre Translation and Cultural Relocation. Manchester: St. Jerome, 17-24.
- Cattrysse, Patrick (1992): Film (Adaptation) as Translation: Some Methodological Proposals. Target. 4(1):53-70.
- Chan, Tak-hung Leo (2004): Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory: Modes, Issues and Debates. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Chan, Tak-hung Leo (1998): Liberal Versions: Late Qing Approaches to Translating Aesop’s Fables. In: David Pollard, ed. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 57-78.
- Clej, Alina (1997): The Debt of the Translator: An Essay on Translation and Modernism. Symploke: A Journal for the Intermingling of Literary, Cultural and Theoretical Scholarship. 5(1-2):7-26.
- Compton, Robert (1971): A Study of the Translations of Lin Shu, 1852-1924. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.
- Cotter, Sean (2004): Living through Translation: Lucian Blaga, T.S. Eliot, and the Cultural Politics of Translation in Modernism. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
- Dilokwanich, Malinee (1983): Samkok: A Study of a Thai Adaptation of a Chinese Novel. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.
- Draine, Betsy (1991): Chronotope and Intertext: The Case of Jean Rhys’s Quartet. In: Jay Clayton and Eric Rothstein, eds. Influence and Intertextuality in Literary History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 318-337.
- Gambier, Yves (2003): Introduction: Screen Tradaptation, Perception and Reception. The Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication. 9(2):171-189.
- Genette, Gérard (1982): Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree. (Translated by Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky) Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
- Granqvist, Raoul (1995): Imitation as Resistance: Appropriations of English Literature in Nineteenth-Century America. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
- Ha, Kim-lan (2001): Text, Translation, Readability, Scriptability and Transmitability. Hanxue yanjiu tongxun. 20(3):16-26.
- Hanan, Patrick (2004): Chinese Fiction of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Huang, Yunte (2002): Transpacific Displacement: Ethnography, Translation, and Intertextual Travel in Twentieth-Century American Literature. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Kim, Dong-uk (1987): The Influence of Chinese Stories and Novels on Korean Fiction. In: Claudine Salmon, ed. Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia. Beijing: International Culture, 55-84.
- Kim, Tae-bum (2000): Hanguo dui Sanguo yanyi de xishou he zhuanhua (The Absorption and Transmutation of The Three Kingdoms in Korea, translated by Taifan Jin). Ph.D. thesis, Tung-hai University.
- Kristeva, Julia (1967/1980): Word, Dialogue, and Novel. In: Leon S. Roudiez, ed. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. (Trans. Thomas Gora, Alice Jardine and Leon S. Roudiez.) New York: Columbia University Press, 64-91.
- Lee, Peter H. (1986): Chinese Literature in Korean Translation. In: William H. Nienhauser, Jr, ed. An Indian Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Vol.1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 305-306.
- Malmkjaer, Kirsten (2000): Adaptations. In: Olive Classe, ed. Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
- Miller, J. Scott (2001): Adaptations of Western Literature in Meiji Japan. New York: Palgrave.
- Nakamura, Yukihiko (1968): Hon’yaku, chūsaku, hon’an. In: Mizuta Norihisa and Rai Tsutomu, ed. Nihon kangaku (Chūgoku bunka sōsho). Vol. 9. Tokyo: Taishukan shoten. 260-274.
- Ōki, Yasushi, and Hidetaka, Ōtsuka (1987): Chinese Colloquial Novels in Japan – Mainly During the Edo Period. In: Claudine Salmon, ed. Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia. Beijing: International Culture, 106-139.
- Parfitt, George A. E. (1973): The Nature of Translation in Ben Jonson’s Poetry. Studies in English Literature 1500-1900. 13(2):344-359.
- Piette, Adam (2003): Introduction [to Special Issue on Modernism and Translation]. Translation and Literature 12(1):1-17.
- Pollack, David (1986): Chinese Literature in Japanese Translation. In: William H. Nienhauser, Jr, ed. An Indian Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 302-305.
- Salmon, Claudine, ed. (1987): Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia. Beijing: International Culture Publishing Corp.
- Senn, Fritz (1984): Joyce’s Dislocutions: Essays on Reading as Translation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Tam, Kwok-kan, Parkin, Andrew, and Yip, Terry Siu-han, eds. (2002): Shakespeare Global/Local: The Hong Kong Imaginery in Transcultural Production. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
- Tymoczko, Maria (1999): Translation in a Postcolonial Context: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology. Manchester: St. Jerome.
- Wakabayashi, Judy (2005): The Reconceptualization of Translation from Chinese in Eighteenth-Century Japan. In: Eva Hung, ed. Translation and Cultural Change: Studies in History, Norms and Image-Projection. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 119-145.
- Wakabayashi, Judy (1998): Marginal Forms of Translation in Japan: Variations from the Norm. In: Lynne Bowker, Michael Cronin, Dorothy Kenny, and Jennifer Pearson, eds. Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome, 57-63.
- Weiss, Timothy (2004): Translating Orients: Between Ideology and Utopia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Yao, Steven G. (2002): Translation and the Languages of Modernism: Gender, Politics, Language. New York: Palgrave.
- Zatlin, Phyllis (2005): Theatrical Translation and Film Adaptation: A Practitioner’s View. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.