Résumés
Résumé
Cet article explore les « histoires causales » (Stone, 1989) dans la construction des problèmes sociaux vécus par les peuples autochtones canadiens, et ce, par l’intermédiaire de six documents portant sur les familles autochtones et la parentalité, produits par divers organismes officiels. Deux thèmes récurrents ont été identifiés dans ces histoires causales : « la dépossession culturelle à travers la rupture » et « la parentalité en tant que source de problèmes ». Les solutions tendent à se concentrer sur le développement de la force par le soutien et le renouveau culturel, ce dernier point passant par des discours thérapeutiques et des conseils aux parents ancrés dans une perspective euroaméricaine dominante et glocalisée. Il est avancé ici que l’attention est alors potentiellement détournée des inégalités matérielles, tandis que les discours thérapeutiques et sur la parentalité, discours qui sont glocalisés, peuvent agir comme un cheval de Troie permettant d’intervenir davantage dans la vie familiale et de mieux la surveiller.
Mots-clés :
- parentalité autochtone,
- problèmes sociaux,
- glocalisation,
- études sur la culture parentale
Abstract
This article explores “causal stories” (Stone, 1989) in constructions of social problems experienced by Canadian Indigenous peoples in six documents focusing on Indigenous families and parenthood produced by a variety of official agencies. Two recurrent themes in causal stories were identified: “cultural deprivation through disruption” and “parenting as root of problems”. Solutions tended to focus on building strength through support and cultural renewal, the latter appearing as glocalised mainstream Euro-American therapeutic discourses and parenting advice. It is argued that attention is potentially deflected from material inequalities, while glocalised therapeutic and parenting discourses may act as a Trojan horse for greater intervention into and monitoring of family life.
Keywords:
- indigenous parenting,
- social problems,
- glocalisation,
- parenting culture studies
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Altheide, David L., Michael Coyle, Katie Devriese et Christopher J. Schneider. 2008. « Emergent Qualitative Document Analysis », dans Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber et Patricia Leavy (dir.). Handbook of Emergent Methods. New York, Guilford Press : 127-151.
- Armitage, Andrew. 1995. Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Vancouver, UBC Press.
- Ball, Jessica. 2008. « Promoting Equity and Dignity for Aboriginal Children in Canada », IRPPChoices, 14, 7 : 1-28.
- Barrett, Betty Jo et Melissa St. Pierre. 2011. « Variations in Women’s Help Seeking in Response to Intimate Partner Violence: Findings From a Canadian Population-Based Study », Violence Against Women, 17, 1 : 47-70.
- Best, Joel. 2017. Social Problems. New York, W. W. Norton & Company.
- Bilson, Andy et Katie E. C. Martin. 2017. « Referrals and Child Protection in England: One in Five Children Referred to Children’s Services and One in Nineteen Investigated before the Age of Five », The British Journal of Social Work, 47, 3 : 793-811.
- Bruer, John T. 1999. The Myth of the First Three Years: A New Understanding of Early Brain Development and Lifelong Learning. New York, The Free Press.
- Cabanas, Edgar et Eva Illouz. 2019. Manufacturing Happy Citizens. How the Science and Industry of Happiness Control our Lives. Londres, Polity.
- Centre de collaboration nationale de la santé autochtone (CCNSA)/National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health (NCCAH). 2013a. La paternité, c’est pour la vie. Livret de ressources sur le rôle paternel à l’intention des parents des Premières Nations et des parents des Métis de la Colombie-Britannique/Fatherhood Is Forever: A Resource Booklet About Fathering for First Nations and Métis Parents in BC. Prince George, National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
- Centre de collaboration nationale de la santé autochtone (CCNSA)/National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health (NCCAH). 2013b. Les parents en tant que premiers enseignants/Parents as First Teachers. Prince George, National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
- Centre de collaboration nationale de la santé autochtone (CCNSA)/National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health (NCCAH). 2013c. L’espace sacré de la féminité : le maternage à travers les générations/The Sacred Space of Womanhood: Mothering Across the Generations. Prince George, National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
- Centre de collaboration nationale de la santé autochtone (CCNSA)/National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health (NCCAH). 2015. La famille à coeur/Family is the Focus — Proceedings summary. Prince George, National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
- Centre de ressources Best Start. 2012. Supporting the Sacred Journey: From Preconception to Parenting for First Nations Families in Ontario. Toronto, Canada.
- Crooks, Claire V., Debbie Chiodo, Darren Thomas et Ray Hughes. 2010. « Strengths-based Programming for First Nations Youth in Schools: Building Engagement Through Healthy Relationships and Leadership Skills », International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 2 : 160-173.
- Denham, Aaron R. 2008. « Rethinking Historical Trauma: Narratives of Resilience », Transcultural Psychiatry, 45, 3 : 391–414.
- Ecclestone, Kathryn. 2018. « "Therapeutic Entrepreneurialism" and the Undermining of Expertise and Evidence in the Education Politics of Wellbeing », dans Ian Bache et Karen Scott (dir.). The Politics of Wellbeing: Theory, Policy and Practice. Cham, Springer : 225-252.
- Faircloth, Charlotte, Diane M. Hoffman et Linda L. Layne. 2013. Parenting in Global Perspective: Negotiating Ideologies of Kinship, Self and Politics. Londres, Routledge.
- Fonda, Marc, Rachel Eni et Eric Guimond. 2013. « Socially Constructed Teen Motherhood: A Review », International Indigenous Policy Journal, 4, 1. https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/iipj/article/view/7398. Page consultée le 20 septembre 2020.
- Frawley, Ashley. 2018. « "Unhappy News": Process, Rhetoric, and Context in the Making of the Happiness Problem », Sociological Research Online, 23, 1 : 43-66.
- Furedi, Frank. 2004. Therapy Culture: Cultivating Vulnerability in an Uncertain Age. Londres, Routledge.
- Gillies, Val. 2013. « Personalising Poverty: Parental Determinism and the Big Society Agenda », dans Will Atkinson, Steven Roberts et Mike Savage (dir.). Class Inequality in Austerity Britain. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan : 90-110.
- Gone, Joseph P. 2014. « Reconsidering American Indian Historical Trauma: Lessons From an Early Gros Ventre War Narrative », Transcultural Psychiatry, 51, 3 : 387-406.
- Gouvernement du Canada. 2018. « A Report on "Children and Families Together: An Emergency Meeting on Indigenous Child and Family Services" » [« Compte rendu de "Enfants et familles réunis. Réunion d’urgence sur les services aux enfants et aux familles autochtones" »], Indigenous Services Canada. https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1531151888537/1531152018493. Page consultée le 20 septembre 2020.
- Greenwood, Margo L. et Sarah De Leeuw. 2012. « Social Determinants of Health and the Future Well-Being of Aboriginal Children in Canada », Paediatrics and Child Health, 17, 7 : 381-384.
- Hays, Sharon. 1996. The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. New Haven, Yale University Press.
- Hilgartner, Stephen et Charles L. Bosk. 1988. « The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model », American Journal of Sociology, 94, 1 : 53-78.
- Hollekim, Ragnhild, Norman Anderssen et Marguerite Daniel. 2016. « Contemporary Discourses on Children and Parenting in Norway: Norwegian Child Welfare Services Meets Immigrant Families », Children and Youth Services Review, 60 : 52-60.
- Jacobs, Margaret D. 2009. White Mother to a Dark Race: Settler Colonialism, Maternalism, and the Removal of Indigenous Children in the American West and Australia, 1880-1940. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.
- Johnston, Patrick. 1983. Native Children and the Child Welfare System. Toronto, Canadian Council on Social Development.
- Kelm, Mary-Ellen. 1998. Colonizing Bodies: Aboriginal Health and Healing in British Columbia, 1900-50. Vancouver, UBC Press.
- Lee, Ellie, Jennie Bristow, Charlotte Faircloth et Jan Macvarish. 2014. Parenting Culture Studies. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Lupton, Deborah. 2013. The Social Worlds of the Unborn. Basingstoke, Palgrave Pivot.
- Macvarish, Jan, Ellie Lee et Pam Lowe. 2014. « The "First Three Years" Movement and the Infant Brain: A Review of Critiques », Sociology Compass, 8, 6 : 792-804.
- Madsen, Ole Jacob. 2018. The Psychologization of Society: On the Unfolding of the Therapeutic in Norway. Londres, Routledge.
- Matthiesen, Noomi. 2018. « Control and Responsibility: Taking a Closer Look at the Work of Ensuring Well-Being in Neoliberal Schools », Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 52, 3 : 438-448.
- Maxwell, Krista. 2014. « Historicizing Historical Trauma Theory: Troubling the Trans-Generational Transmission Paradigm », Transcultural Psychiatry, 51, 3 : 407-435.
- Maxwell, Krista. 2017. « Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim », Comparative Studies in Society and History, 59, 4 : 974-1007.
- Million, Dian. 2013. Therapeutic Nations: Healing in an Age of Indigenous Human Rights. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.
- Mohatt, Nathaniel Vincent, Azure B. Thompson, Nghi D. Thai et Jacob Kraemer Tebes. 2014. « Historical Trauma as Public Narrative: A Conceptual Review of How History Impacts Present-Day Health », Social Science & Medicine, 106 : 128-136.
- Nehring, Daniel, Emmanuel Alvarado, Eric C. Hendriks et Dylan Kerrigan. 2016. Transnational Popular Psychology and the Global Self-Help Industry. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Nehring, Daniel et Dylan Kerrigan. 2019. Therapeutic Worlds: Popular Psychology and the Sociocultural Organisation of Intimate Life. Abingdon, Routledge.
- Nelson, Sarah E. et Kathi Wilson. 2017. « The Mental Health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada: A Critical Review of Research », Social Science & Medicine, 176 : 93-112.
- Nolan, James L. 1998. The Therapeutic State: Justifying Government at Century’s End. New York, NYU Press.
- Paradies, Yin. 2016. « Colonisation, Racism and Indigenous Health », Journal of Population Research, 33, 1 : 83-96.
- Pupavac, Vanessa. 2001. « Therapeutic Governance: Psycho-social Intervention and Trauma Risk Management », Disasters, 25, 4 : 358-372.
- Raphael, Dennis, Toba Bryant et Marcia Rioux. 2019. Staying Alive: Critical Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care. 3e édition. Toronto, Canadian Scholars.
- Rose, Nikolas S. 1999. Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self. Londres, Free Association Books.
- Seligman, Martin E. P. 1999. « The President’s Address » [APA 1998 Annual Report], American Psychologist, August : 559-562.
- Sinclair, Raven. 2007. « Identity Lost and Found: Lessons From the Sixties Scoop », 3, 1 : 18.
- Stone, Deborah A. 1989. « Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas », Political Science Quarterly, 104, 2 : 281-300.
- Yang, Jie. 2010. « The Crisis of Masculinity: Class, Gender, and Kindly Power in Post-Mao China », American Ethnologist, 37, 3 : 550-562.