Résumés
Résumé
Si l’informalité a été traditionnellement comprise comme un type de formation territoriale ou de catégorie de travail, cet article propose une conceptualisation alternative concevant l’informalité et la formalité en tant que formes de pratiques. L’article examine comment différentes relations de pratiques informelles et formelles rendent possible la planification, le développement et la politique urbains. Il explore également le rapport changeant entre l’informalité et la formalité dans la durée. Pour illustrer le potentiel politique d’une conceptualisation de l’informalité et de la formalité comme pratiques, l’article souligne les répercussions d’une crise urbaine particulière : les inondations liées à la mousson, en 2005, à Mumbai. La dernière partie de l’article propose enfin trois cadres conceptuels pour identifier les relations changeantes des pratiques informelles et formelles : la spéculation, la composition et le bricolage.
Mots-clés :
- Crise,
- formalité,
- informalité,
- Mumbai,
- pratique,
- urbanisme
Abstract
If informality has been conventionally understood as a territorial formation or as a labour categorization, this paper offers an alternative conceptualization that conceives informality and formality as forms of practice. The paper examines how different relations of informal and formal practice enable urban planning, development and politics, and explores the changing relationship between informality and formality over time. To illustrate the political potential of conceiving informality and formality as practices, it highlights the fall-out from a particular urban crisis: the 2005 Mumbai monsoon floods. In the final section, the paper offers three conceptual frames for charting the changing relations of informal and formal practices: speculation, composition, and bricolage.
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Alexandroni, S. 2007, 4 octobre. « London tops the poll », New Statesman, www.newstatesman.com/society/2007/10/corruption-london-money-saudi. Page consultée en novembre 2010.
- Alsayyad, N. et Roy, A. 2006. « Medieval Modernity: On Citizenship and Urbanism in a Global Era », Space and Polity, 10, 1 : 1-20.
- Anjaria, J.S. 2006. « Urban calamities: A view from Mumbai », Space and Culture, 9, 1 : 80-82.
- Bapat, T.R. 2005, 27 juillet. « Worst rains Mumbai has seen », Rediff.com. www.rediff.com/news/2005/jul/27rain5.htm. Page consultée en août 2011.
- Baviskar, A. 2002. The politics of the city. Seminar 516. www.india-seminar.com.
- Benería, L. et M. Roldán. 1987. The Crossroads of Class and Gender: Industrial Homework, Subcontracting, and Household Dynamics in Mexico City. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
- Bombay First. 2003. Vision Mumbai: Transforming Mumbai into a World-Class City. Mumbai, Bombay First–McKinsey.
- Briggs, J. 2011. « The land formalisation process and the peri-urban zone of Dar es Salaam », Planning Theory and Practice, 12, 1 : 131-137.
- Cleaver, F. 2002. « Reinventing institutions: Bricolage and the social embeddedness of natural resource management », European Journal of Development Research, 14, 2 : 11-30.
- Cleaver, F. 2008. « Distilling or diluting? Negotiating the water research-policy interface », Water Alternatives, 1, 1 : 157-176.
- CCC Report. 2005. Mumbai’s Floods. Mumbai, Concerned Citizens Commission.
- Cooke, B. et U.Kothari (dir.). 2001. Participation: the New Tyranny. London, Zed Press.
- De Soto, H. 2001. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York, Basic Books.
- Devlin, R. 2011. « Informal urbanism in the USA: New challenges for theory and practice », Planning Theory and Practice, 12, 1 : 144-150.
- D‘Monte, D. 2007, 18 juillet. « When rain God’s weep », DNA, www.dnaindia.com/analysis/main-article_when-rain-gods-weep_1110754.
- Dicken, B. 2005. « City of God », City, 9, 3 : 207-320.
- Fairbanks, R. P. 2011. « The politics of urban informality in Philadelphia’s Recovery House Movement », Urban Studies, 48, 12 : 2555-2570.
- Dossal, P.G. 2005, 27 juillet. « Worst rains Mumbai has seen », Rediff.com, www.rediff.com/news/2005/jul/27rain5.htm. Page consultée en août 2011.
- Gandhi, A. « Feigning, cajoling, dissembling: informal life in a Delhi bazaar » dans C. McFarlane et M. Waibel (dir.). 2012. Urban Informalities: Reflections on the Formal and Informal. Abingdon, UK, Ashgate.
- Ghertner, A. 2010, 3 octobre. « Commonwealth Games, a failure of “just-in-time” planning », New Statesman, 3 October. www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/10/commonwealth-games-planning. Page consultée en novembre 2010.
- Ghertner, D.A. 2008. « An analysis of new legal discourse behind Delhi’s slum demolitions », Economic and Political Weekly, 43, 20 : 57-66.
- Goldman, M. 2011. « Speculative urbanism and the making of the world city », International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35, 3 : 555-581.
- Gregson, N. et L. Crewe. 1997. « The bargain, the knowledge, and the spectacle: making sense of consumption in the space of the car boot sale », Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 15, 1 : 87-112.
- Guha-Khasnobis, R. B. Kanbur et E. Ostrom. 2006. « Beyond Formality and Informality » dans B. Guha Khasnobis, R. Kanbur et E. Ostrom (dir.). Linking the Formal and Informal Economy: Concepts and Policies. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Hickey, S. et G. Mohan. 2004. Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London, Zed Books.
- Hoffman, D. 2007. « The city as barracks: Freetown, Monrovia, and the organization of violence in postcolonial African cities », Cultural Anthropology, 22, 3 : 400-428.
- Holston, J. 2008. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
- Ingold, T. 2011. Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description. New York, Routledge.
- Katakam, A., L. Bavadam et D. Bunsha. 2005. « Hell and high water », Frontline, 22, 17 : 13-26. www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2217/stories/20050826006000400.htm. Page consultée en novembre 2010.
- Lombard, M. et M. Huxley. 2011. « Self-made cities: Ordinary informality? », Planning Theory and Practice, 12, 1 : 120-125.
- MacLeod, G. et M. Jones. 2011. « Renewing urban politics », Urban Studies, 48, 12 : 2443-2472.
- Majumdar, M. 2005. « Monsoon dampens Mumbai’s reputation », BBC News. www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4727371.stm. Page consultée en juin 2008.
- Mathur, A. et D. da Cunha. 2009. Soak: Mumbai in an Estuary. Mumbai, Rupa.
- McFarlane, C. 2009. « Infrastructure, interruption and inequality: Urban life in the global South » dans S. Graham (dir.) Disrupted Cities: When Infrastructure Fails. London, Routledge : 131-144.
- Mehta, T. 2005, 27 juillet. « Worst rains Mumbai has seen », Rediff.com, www.rediff.com/news/2005/jul/27rain5.htm. Page consultée en août 2011.
- Miraftab, F. 2004. « Neoliberalism and casualization of public sector services: the case of waste collection services in Cape Town, South Africa », International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28, 4 : 874-892.
- Miraftab, F. 2011. « Beyond formal politics of planning », International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35, 4 : 860-862.
- Neuwirth, R. 2006. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World. London, Routledge.
- Payne, G. 2001. « Urban land tenure policy options: Titles or rights? », Habitat International, 25 : 415-429.
- Pieterse, E. 2008. City Futures: Confronting the Crisis of Urban Development. London, Zed Books.
- Porter, L. 2011. « Interface: Informality, the commons and the paradoxes for planning: Concepts and debates for informality and planning », Planning Theory and Practice, 12, 1 : 115-120.
- Prabhu, C. 2005a. Maharashtra Economic Development Council (MEDC). Mumbai, MEDC.
- Prabhu, C. 2005b. « Why Mumbai choked », Frontline, 22, 17 : 13-26.
- Ray, C. 2000. « Mismanaging floods », Economic and Political Weekly, 35. 46 : 3998-3999.
- Roy, A. 2004. « Urban informality: Towards an epistemology of planning », Journal of the American Planning Association, 71, 2 : 147-158.
- Roy, A. 2009a. « Strangely familiar: Planning and the worlds of insurgence and informality », Planning Theory, 8, 1 : 7-11.
- Roy, A. 2009b. « Why India cannot plan its cities: Informality, insurgence and the idiom of urbanization », Planning Theory, 8, 1 : 76-87.
- Roy, A. 2011a. « Slumdog cities: Rethinking subaltern urbanism », International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35, 2 : 223-238.
- Roy, A. 2011b. « The blockade of the world class city: dialectical images of Indian urbanism » dans A. Roy et A. Ong (dir.). Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global. Oxford, Wiley Blackwell.
- Roy, A. et N. AlSayyad. 2004. Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham, MD, Lexington Books.
- Sassen, S. 2001. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
- Sharma, K. 2005, 7 août. « Battered...Mumbai survives », The Hindu. www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2005/08/07/stories/2005080700030100.htm. Page consultée en novembre 2010.
- Simone, A. 2005. For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
- Simone, A. 2008. « The politics of the possible: Making urban life in Phnom Penh », Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 29 : 186-204.
- Simone, A. 2010. City Life from Jakarta to Dakar: Movements at the Crossroads. New York, Routledge.
- Stecko, S. et N. Barber. 2007, 6-7 octobre. Exposing vulnerabilities: Monsoon floods in Mumbai, India. Case Study prepared for Revisiting Urban Planning: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007, UN Habitat, Monterrey, Mexico. www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS.2007.CaseStudy.Mumbai.pdf. Page consultée en août 2011.
- Times of India. 2005, 25 août. « State plans use of plastic bags », Times of India.
- Times of India. 2006, 25 mai. « Govt accepts Chitale report », Times of India. www.articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-25/mumbai/27816769_1_task-force-report-cabinet-meeting.
- Watson, S. 2009. « The magic of the marketplace: Sociality in a neglected public space », Urban Studies, 46 : 1577-1591.
- Weinstein, L. 2008. « Mumbai’s development mafias: Globalization, organized crime and land development », International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32, 1 : 22-39.
- Yiftachel, O. 2009. « Theoretical notes on “gray spaces”: The coming of urban apartheid? », Planning Theory, 8, 1 : 88-100