Résumés
Abstract
Between October and December 1918, more than 10 percent of Edmonton’s population contracted epidemic (or “Spanish”) influenza. The high rates of infection in the city prompted the development of a grassroots system of volunteers to provide support for those affected by the epidemic. Organizers of this volunteer-run relief system recognized that the impact of the flu extended beyond the need for nurses at the sickbed. It encompassed other aspects of household labour, including laundry, cooking, and childcare. Reflecting the domestic needs of Edmonton’s stricken population, healthcare civilians organized their work through household-style cooperatives. This paper examines how the household became the unit of measure commonly employed in the Edmonton Bulletin daily newspaper to conceptualize the impact of, and responses to, the epidemic. Gendered chores, rarely discussed in the newspaper before the epidemic, suddenly merited significant column space. As the perceived importance of domestic labour increased, so did women’s claim to positions of authority and leadership in these newly formed households. The value placed on gendered household chores resulted in both an affirmation of gender roles and a partial, but significant, inversion of gendered authority structures. Women’s flu-time volunteer work was viewed as an act of citizenship during a community crisis, an understanding supported by the conceptual links between wartime military nursing and the public nature of healthcare civilians’ labour.
Résumé
Entre octobre et décembre 1918, plus de 10 % de la population d’Edmonton a contracté la grippe épidémique (ou « espagnole »). Les taux élevés d’infection dans la ville ont incité les autorités à mettre sur pied un système de bénévoles pour venir en aide aux personnes touchées par l’épidémie. Les organisateurs de ce système de secours géré par des bénévoles ont reconnu que l’impact de la grippe allait au-delà du besoin d’infirmières au chevet des malades. Il englobait d’autres aspects du travail domestique, notamment la lessive, la cuisine et la garde des enfants. Reflétant les besoins domestiques de la population sinistrée d’Edmonton, les civils du secteur de la santé ont organisé leur travail par le biais de coopératives de type familial. Cet article examine comment le ménage est devenu l’unité de mesure communément employée dans le quotidien Edmonton Bulletin pour conceptualiser l’impact de l’épidémie et les réponses à y apporter. Les tâches ménagères, rarement abordées dans le journal avant l’épidémie, ont soudainement mérité une place importante dans ses rubriques. La perception de l’importance du travail domestique a augmenté, tout comme la revendication des femmes à des postes d’autorité et de direction dans ces ménages nouvellement formés. La valeur accordée aux tâches ménagères selon le sexe a entraîné à la fois une affirmation des rôles sexuels et une inversion partielle, mais significative, des structures d’autorité selon le sexe. Le travail bénévole des femmes pendant la grippe était considéré comme un acte de citoyenneté pendant une crise communautaire, une compréhension soutenue par les liens conceptuels entre les soins infirmiers militaires en temps de guerre et la nature publique du travail des civils de la santé.
Parties annexes
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