Résumés
Résumé
L’autonomie entrepreneuriale est une caractéristique majeure des réseaux de franchise qui peut entrer en conflit avec le besoin d’intégration dans le cadre d’une stratégie de marketing omnicanal. Cet article mobilise la théorie des pratiques pour analyser les différentes approches des franchiseurs pour construire l’intégration omnicanale avec les franchisés. Des études de cas multi-informateurs dans sept réseaux de franchise ont mis en évidence trois styles de construction de l’intégration omnicanale, qui se caractérisent par un niveau croissant d’autonomie accordée aux franchisés : un style directif basé sur une forte centralisation des choix omnicanaux et une intégration par la minimisation de l’autonomie du franchisé ; un style collaboratif reposant sur la coconstruction de l’omnicanalité avec les franchisés et une intégration par son appropriation localement ; un style par l’empowerment fondé sur l’autonomisation des franchisés sur les choix omnicanaux et une intégration basée sur la confiance.
Mots-clés :
- Omnicanalité,
- Qualité de l’intégration,
- Autonomie entrepreneuriale,
- Franchise,
- Théorie des pratiques
Abstract
Entrepreneurial autonomy is a major feature of franchise networks that can conflict with the need for integration in an omnichannel marketing strategy. This article relies on practice theory to investigate franchisors’ approaches to build omnichannel integration with franchisees. Multi-informant case studies in seven franchise networks highlighted three integration styles that are characterized by an increasing level of autonomy granted to franchisees: a directive style, based on a strong centralization of omnichannel choices and integration by the minimization of franchisees’ autonomy; a collaborative style, based on omnichannel coconstruction with the franchisees and integration through its local appropriation; and an empowerment style, based on the empowerment of franchisees over omnichannel choices and trust-based integration.
Keywords:
- Omnichannel,
- Integration quality,
- Entrepreneurial autonomy,
- Franchise,
- Practice theory
Resumen
La autonomía empresarial es una característica clave de las redes de franquicias que puede entrar en conflicto con la necesidad de integración en el marco de una estrategia de marketing omnicanal. Este artículo utiliza la teoría de las prácticas para analizar los diferentes enfoques de los franquiciadores para construir la integración omnicanal con los franquiciados. Estudios de caso múlti-informantes en siete redes de franquicias han revelado tres estilos de construcción de la integración omnicanal, que se caracterizan por un nivel creciente de autonomía otorgada a los franquiciados: un estilo directivo basado en una centralización importante de las decisiones omnicanal y la integración mediante la minimización de la autonomía del franquiciado; un estilo colaborativo que se basa en la coconstrucción del omnicanal con los franquiciados y la integración mediante su apropiación local; y un estilo de empowerment basado en la autonomía de los franquiciados sobre las decisiones omnicanal y la integración basada en la confianza.
Palabras clave:
- Omnicanalidad,
- Calidad de la integración,
- Autonomía empresarial,
- Franquicia,
- Teoría de prácticas
Parties annexes
Références
- Bachouche, H. et Sabri, O. (2019). Empowerment in marketing : synthesis, critical review, and agenda for future research. AMS Review, 9(3), 304-323.
- Banerjee, M. (2014). Misalignment and its influence on integration quality in multichannel services. Journal of Service Research, 17(4), 460-474.
- Belvaux, B. et Notebaert, J.-F. (2018). Crosscanal et omnicanal (2e édition). Malakoff, Dunod.
- Bradach, J.L. (1997). Using the plural form in the management of restaurant chains. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2), 276-303.
- Bressolles, G. et Viot, C. (2021). L’intégration des canaux de distribution en contexte de transition digitale : une relecture par la théorie des ressources. Systèmes d’information & Management, 26(1), 9-44.
- Chandler, J.D. et Chen, S. (2016). Practice styles and service systems. Journal of Service Management, 27(5), 798-830.
- Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2e édition). Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
- Clarkin, J.E. et Rosa, P.J. (2005). Entrepreneurial teams within franchise firms. International Small Business Journal, 23(3), 303-334.
- Cochet, O., Dormann, J. et Ehrmann, T. (2008). Capitalizing on franchisee autonomy : relational forms of governance as controls in idiosyncratic franchise dyads. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(1), 50-72.
- Combs, J.G., Ketchen, D.J., Shook, C.L. et Short, J.C. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of franchising : past accomplishments and future challenges. Journal of Management, 37(1), 99-126.
- Cox, J. et Mason, C. (2007). Standardization versus adaptation : geographical pressures to deviate from franchise formats. Service Industries Journal, 27(8), 1053-1072.
- Dada, O. (2018). A model of entrepreneurial autonomy in franchised outlets : a systematic review of the empirical evidence. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(2), 206-226.
- Dada, O. et Watson, A. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation and the franchise system : organizational antecedents and performance outcomes. European Journal of Marketing, 47(5-6), 790-812.
- Dada, O., Watson, A. et Kirby, D. (2012). Toward a model of franchisee entrepreneurship. International Small Business Journal, 30(5), 559-583.
- Dant, R.P. et Gundlach, G.T. (1999). The challenge of autonomy and dependence in franchised channels of distribution. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(1), 35-67.
- Dubuisson-Quellier, S. et Plessz, M. (2013). La théorie des pratiques. Quels apports pour l’étude sociologique de la consommation ? Sociologie, 4(4), 451-469.
- El Akremi, A., Herrbach, O., Mignonac, K. et Perrigot, R. (2009). Quels sont les savoir-faire sources de l’avantage concurrentiel en franchise. Paris, Fédération Française de la Franchise.
- FFF (2023). La franchise c’est quoi ? Récupéré le 4 octobre 2023 sur le site : https://www.franchise-fff.com/entreprendre/la-franchise-c-est-quoi/.
- Gao, M. et Huang, L. (2021). Quality of channel integration and customer loyalty in omnichannel retailing : the mediating role of customer engagement and relationship program receptiveness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 63.
- Ghantous, N. et Alnawas, I. (2021). Zooming in on cocreation practices of international franchisors. Industrial Marketing Management, 92(1), 1-13.
- Ghantous, N., Das, S.S. et Chameroy, F. (2018). Governance capabilities and relationship performance in international franchising. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 40(1), 19-30.
- Gillis, W.E., Combs, J.G. et Yin, X. (2020). Franchise management capabilities and franchisor performance under alternative franchise ownership strategies. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(1), 105899.
- Gioia, D.A., Corley, K.G. et Hamilton, A.L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research : notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15-31.
- Glaser, B.G. et Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory : strategies for qualitative research. New York, Aldine de Gruyter.
- Graebner, M.E., Martin, J.A. et Roundy, P.T. (2012). Qualitative data : cooking without a recipe. Strategic Organization, 10(3), 276-284.
- Gueguen, G. (2022). PME et entrepreneuriat : une analyse lexicométrique et structurelle des travaux publiés dans la Revue internationale PME (1988-2020). Revue internationale PME, 35(2), 23-48.
- Herhausen, D., Binder, J., Schoegel, M. et Herrmann, A. (2015). Integrating bricks with clicks : retailer-level and channel-level outcomes of online-offline channel integration. Journal of Retailing, 91(2), 309-325.
- Hossain, T.M.T., Akter, S., Kattiyapornpong, U. et Dwivedi, Y. (2020). Reconceptualizing integration quality dynamics for omnichannel marketing. Industrial Marketing Management, 87(4), 225-241.
- Hunt, S.D. et Nevin, J.R. (1974). Power in a channel of distribution : sources and consequences. Journal of Marketing Research, 11(2), 186-193.
- Ketchen, D.J. Jr., Short, J.C. et Combs, J.G. (2011). Is franchising entrepreneurship ? Yes, no, and maybe so. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(3), 583-593.
- Kjellberg, H. et Helgesson, C.F. (2006). Multiple versions of markets : multiplicity and performativity in market practice. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(7), 839-855.
- La Rocca, A., Hoholm, T. et Mørk, B.E. (2017). Practice theory and the study of interaction in business relationships : some methodological implications. Industrial Marketing Management, 60(1), 187-195.
- Lee, Z.W., Chan, T.K., Chong, A.Y.L. et Thadani, D.R. (2019). Customer engagement through omnichannel retailing : the effects of channel integration quality. Industrial Marketing Management, 77(2), 90-101.
- López‐Bayón, S. et López‐Fernández, B. (2016). Partner empowerment and relationship failure in franchising. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(4), 1059-1079.
- Münscher, R., Vetter, M. et Scheuerle, T. (2016). A review and taxonomy of choice architecture techniques. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 29(5), 511-524.
- Oh, L.B. et Teo, H.H. (2010). Consumer value cocreation in a hybrid commerce service-delivery system. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 14(3), 35-62.
- Orton, J.D. (1997). From inductive to iterative grounded theory : zipping the gap between process theory and process data. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 13(4), 419-438.
- Paik, Y. et Choi, D.Y. (2007). Control, autonomy and collaboration in the fast-food industry : a comparative study between domestic and international franchising. International Small Business Journal, 25(5), 539-562.
- Paswan, A.K., D’Souza, D. et Rajamma, R.K. (2014). Value cocreation through knowledge exchange in franchising. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(2), 116-125.
- Perrigot, R., Basset, G., Briand, D. et Cliquet, G. (2013). Uniformity in franchising : a case study of a French franchise network with several franchisees having their own website. Journal of Marketing Channels, 20(1-2), 99-119.
- Perrigot, R., Basset, G., Lopez-Fernandez, B. et Watson, A. (2018). Know-how in franchise chains : a literature review and interviews with lawyers. International Journal of Franchising Laws, 16(5), 9-28.
- Perrigot, R., López-Fernández, B. et Basset, G. (2021). Conflict management capabilities in franchising. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 63.
- Quach, S., Barari, M., Moudrý, D.V. et Quach, K. (2022). Service integration in omnichannel retailing and its impact on customer experience. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 65.
- Quinn, B. (1999). Control and support in an international franchise network. International Marketing Review, 16(4-5), 345-362.
- Reckwitz, A. (2002). Toward a theory of social practices : a development in culturalist theorizing. European Journal of Social Theory, 5(2), 243-263.
- Robert-Demontrond, P., Bellion, A. et Beausset, T. (2020). Principes, enjeux et limites de la théorie des pratiques pour le marketing. Management & Sciences Sociales, 28(1), 93-105.
- Roques, P. et Roux, D. (2018). Consommation d’énergie et théorie des pratiques : vers des pistes d’action pour la transition énergétique. Décision Marketing, 90(2), 35-54.
- Schatzki, T.R. (1996). Social practices. A Wittgensteinian approach to human activity and the social. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Shane, S.A. et Hoy, F. (1996). Franchising : a gateway to cooperative entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(5), 325-327.
- Sibley, S.D. et Michie, D.A. (1982). An exploratory investigation of cooperation in a franchise channel. Journal of Retailing, 58(4), 23-45.
- Solis‐Rodriguez, V. et Gonzalez‐Diaz, M. (2012). How to design franchise contracts : the role of contractual hazards and experience. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(4), 652-677.
- Sousa, R. et Voss, C.A. (2006). Service quality in multichannel services employing virtual channels. Journal of Service Research, 8(4), 356-371.
- Spreitzer, G.M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace : dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
- Stanworth, J., Stanworth, C., Watson, A., Purdy, D. et Healeas, S. (2004). Franchising as a small business growth strategy : a resource-based view of organizational development. International Small Business Journal, 22(6), 539-559.
- Trompette, P. et Vinck, D. (2009). Retour sur la notion d’objet-frontière. Revue d’anthropologie des connaissances, 3(3-1).
- Vanheems, R. (2015). Réussir sa stratégie cross et omni-canal. Cormelles-le-Royal, Éditions EMS.
- Verhoef, P.C., Kannan, P. et Inman, J.J. (2015). From multi-channel retailing to omnichannel retailing : introduction to the special issue on multi-channel retailing. Journal of Retailing, 91(2), 174-181.
- Watson, A. (2008). Small business growth through franchising : a qualitative investigation. Journal of Marketing Channels, 15(1), 3-21.
- Watson, A., Dada, O., López-Fernández, B. et Perrigot, R. (2020). The influence of entrepreneurial personality on franchisee performance : a cross-cultural analysis. International Small Business Journal, 38(7), 605-628.
- Watson, A., Dada, O., Wright, O. et Perrigot, R. (2019). Entrepreneurial orientation rhetoric in franchise organizations : the impact of national culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(4), 751-772.
- Weaven, S., Frazer, L. et Giddings, J. (2010). New perspectives on the causes of franchising conflict in Australia. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 22, 135-155.
- Winter, S.G. et Szulanski, G. (2001). Replication as strategy. Organization Science, 12(6), 730-743.
- Wu, J.F. et Chang, Y.P. (2016). Multichannel integration quality, online perceived value and online purchase intention : a perspective of land-based retailers. Internet Research, 26(5), 1228-1248.
- Yakimova, R., Owens, M. et Freeman, S. (2021). The visible hand behind cooperation in franchising : a model of franchisor practices that influence cooperation within social networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 94, 66-89.
- Yakimova, R., Owens, M. et Sydow, J. (2019). Formal control influence on franchisee trust and brand-supportive behavior within franchise networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 76, 123-135.
- Zachary, M.A., McKenny, A.F., Short, J.C., Davis, K.M. et Wu, D. (2011). Franchise branding : an organizational identity perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39, 629-645.
- Zhang, J., Jiang, Y., Shabbir, R. et Mingfei, D. (2015). Building industrial brand equity by leveraging firm capabilities and cocreating value with customers. Industrial Marketing Management, 51, 47-58.
- Zheng, X., Griffith, D.A., Ge, L. et Benoliel, U. (2020). Effects of contract ambiguity in interorganizational governance. Journal of Marketing, 84(4), 147-167.