Résumés
Résumé
Cet article a pour objectif de comprendre comment les entrepreneurs de profils variés traversent la crise de la Covid-19 au Québec. En mobilisant une approche processuelle, et à partir de l’analyse qualitative de 30 entrevues, notre étude fait ressortir une séquence en trois phases, reflétant une évolution du rapport au temps des entrepreneurs, que nous avons nommé « l’effet élastique ». Les résultats identifient ensuite les thèmes dominants qui caractérisent chaque phase vécue. Notre étude offre plusieurs contributions importantes. Elle montre que le rapport au temps joue un rôle important lorsque les entrepreneurs passent à travers la crise et souligne ainsi l’importance du facteur humain. De plus, par l’identification des trois phases successives, l’étude mène au constat qu’il y a une synchronicité dans ce rapport au temps suite à l’éclatement de la crise, et ce malgré certaines variations individuelles et contextuelles qui teintent les réalités entrepreneuriales. Au niveau pratique, reconnaître et anticiper l’effet élastique pourrait permettre une meilleure préparation et gestion de futures crises externes majeures. Enfin, les dimensions de contexte identifiées peuvent être intégrées dans des savoirs transmis par les accompagnateurs à l’entrepreneuriat, pour mieux soutenir les entrepreneurs en situation de crise.
Mots-clés:
- Approche processuelle,
- Entrepreneuriat,
- Crise,
- Covid-19,
- Contexte,
- Rapport au temps
Abstract
This paper aims to provide a better understanding of how entrepreneurs with diverse profiles and located in Quebec go through the Covid-19 crisis. We suggest a qualitative case study (30 interviews) and adopt a processual lens. As a result of the analysis, a sequence of three phases emerges. This sequence describes the evolution of the entrepreneurs’ time perception which we call the elasticity effect. The findings of this study then identify the dominant themes which characterize each phase which entrepreneurs experience. Hence, this study suggests several contributions. First and foremost, it shows that time perception plays an important role when going through a crisis which also highlights the human factor. Moreover, through the identification of three successive phases, the study leads to the assumption that despite certain individual and contextual variations which tinge the entrepreneurial process, there is a synchronicity of time perception after the outbreak of the crisis. These findings lead to an important practical contribution: the recognition and anticipation of the “elasticity effect” could allow a better preparation and management of future major external crises. Finally, the identified contextual factors can become a part of knowledge which is transferred by entrepreneurial supporters in order to better support entrepreneurs in times of crisis.
Keywords:
- Processual Approach,
- Entrepreneurship,
- Crisis,
- Covid-19,
- Context,
- Time perception
Resumen
Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender los eventos y elementos contextuales que caracterizan el proceso emprendedor durante la crisis de Covid-19, tal como lo experimentan los emprendedores en Quebec. Al utilizar un enfoque procesual, nuestro análisis cualitativo de 30 entrevistas revela una secuencia en tres fases. Esta secuencia refleja que los emprendedores tienen una relación particular con el tiempo, que evoluciona, y que la hemos llamado el efecto elástico. Los resultados luego identifican los temas dominantes que caracterizan cada fase vivida por los emprendedores. Nuestro estudio ofrece varias contribuciones. En primer lugar, el estudio muestra que la percepción del tiempo juega un rol importante cuando se atraviesa una crisis, lo que también subraya la importancia del factor humano. Además, a través de la identificación de tres fases sucesivas, el estudio lleva a suponer que a pesar de ciertas variaciones individuales y contextuales que tiñen el proceso emprendedor, existe una sincronicidad de la percepción del tiempo después del estallido de la crisis. A nivel práctico, reconocer y anticipar el «efecto elástico» podría permitir una mejor preparación y gestión de futuras crisis externas importantes. En segundo lugar, las dimensiones contextuales identificadas pueden integrarse en el conocimiento transmitido a través del apoyo empresarial, para orientar mejor a los emprendedores en situaciones de crisis.
Palabras clave:
- Enfoque procesual,
- Emprendimiento,
- Crisis,
- Covid-19,
- Contexto,
- Perception del tiempo
Parties annexes
Références
- Aldrich, H.E. (1999). Organizations evolving. Newbury Park, Sage Publications.
- Aldrich, H.E. (2001). Who wants to be an evolutionary theorist ? Remarks on the occasion of the year 2000 OMT distinguished scholarly career award presentation. Journal of Management Inquiry, 10(2), 115-127.
- Aldrich, H.E. et Cliff, J.E. (2003). The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship : toward a family embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 573-596.
- Arregle, J.L., Batjargal, B., Hitt, M.A., Webb, J.W., Miller, T. et Tsui, A.S. (2015). Family ties in entrepreneurs’ social networks and new venture growth. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(2), 313-344.
- Bacq, S., Geoghegan, W., Josefy, M., Stevenson, R. et Williams, T.A. (2020). The Covid-19 virtual idea blitz : marshaling social entrepreneurship to rapidly respond to urgent grand challenges. Business Horizons, 63(6), 705-723.
- Bacq, S. et Lumpkin, G.T. (2020). Social entrepreneurship and Covid-19. Journal of Management Studies, 58(1), 283-286.
- Baker, T. et Welter, F. (2017). Come on out of the ghetto, please : building the future of entrepreneurship research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 23(2), 170-184.
- Baker, T. et Welter, F. (2020). Contextualizing entrepreneurship theory. New York, Routledge.
- Barron, A., Hultén, P. et Hudson, S. (2010). The financial crisis and the gathering of political intelligence : a cross-country comparison of SMEs in France, Sweden and the UK. International Small Business Journal, 30(4), 345-366.
- Batat, W. (2021). How Michelin-starred chefs are being transformed into social bricoleurs ? An online qualitative study of luxury foodservice during the pandemic crisis. Journal of Service Management, 32(1), 87-99.
- Bavel, J.J.V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P.S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A. et Cikara, M. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support Covid-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 460-471.
- Billiet, A., Dufays, F., Friedel, S. et Staessens, M. (2021). The resilience of the cooperative model : how do cooperatives deal with the Covid-19 crisis ? Strategic Change, 30(2), 99‑108.
- Buchanan, D.A. et Denyer, D. (2013). Researching tomorrow’s crisis : methodological innovations and wider implications. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(2), 205-224.
- Buheji, M. et Ahmed, D. (2020). Foresight of coronavirus (Covid-19) opportunities for a better world. American Journal of Economics, 10(2), 97-108.
- Cabrol, M. et Nlemvo, F. (2011). Le rôle de l’expérience de l’entrepreneur dans le niveau d’internationalisation des jeunes entreprises. Revue management & avenir, 50(10), 38-56.
- Carnevale, J.B. et Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of Covid-19 : implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, 183-187.
- Chanlat, J.-F. (2020). La catastrophe sanitaire actuelle : un fait social total ? Le Libellio d’Aegis, 16(7), 3-3.
- Collins, C., Landivar, L.C., Ruppanner, L. et Scarborough, W.J. (2021). Covid-19 and the gender gap in work hours. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(1), 101-112.
- Corbin, J. et Strauss, A. (2008). Strategies for qualitative data analysis. Dans Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (p. 65-86). Thousand Oaks, Californie, Sage Publications.
- Cowling, M., Liu, W. et Ledger, A. (2012). Small business financing in the UK before and during the current financial crisis. International Small Business Journal, 30(7), 778-800.
- Dannenberg, P., Fuchs, M., Riedler, T. et Wiedemann, C. (2020). Digital transition by Covid-19 pandemic ? The German food online retail. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 111(3), 543-560.
- Doern, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship and crisis management : the experiences of small businesses during the London 2011 riots. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 276-302.
- Doern, R., Williams, N. et Vorley, T. (2019). Special issue on entrepreneurship and crises : business as usual ? An introduction and review of the literature. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31(5-6), 400-412.
- Donaldson, C. et Mitton, C. (2020). Health economics and emergence from lockdown : the great big marginal analysis. Health Economics, Policy and Law. Récupéré le 15 septembre 2021 sur le site : https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744133120000304.
- Dumez, H. (2013). Méthodologie de la recherche qualitative : les dix questions clés de la démarche compréhensive. Paris, Vuibert.
- Dyer, W.G., Nenque, E. et Hill, E.J. (2014). Toward a theory of family capital and entrepreneurship : antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(2), 266-285.
- Fairlie, R. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on small business owners : evidence from the first three months after social-distancing restrictions. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 29(4), 727-740.
- Gioia, D.A., Corley, K.G. et Hamilton, A.L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research : notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15-31.
- GouvernementduQuébec (2020). Portrait de la situation économique et financière 2020-2021. Récupéré le 19 juin 2020 sur le site : http://www.budget.finances.gouv.qc.ca/budget/portrait_juin2020/.
- Greene, F.J. et Rosiello, A. (2020). A commentary on the impacts of great lockdown and its aftermath on scaling firms : what are the implications for entrepreneurial research ? International Small Business Journal, 38(7), 583-592.
- Hammerschmidt, J., Durst, S., Kraus, S. et Puumalainen, K. (2021). Professional football clubs and empirical evidence from the Covid-19 crisis : time for sport entrepreneurship ? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 165. Récupéré le 15 septembre 2021 sur le site : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120572.
- He, H. et Harris, L. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research, (116), 176-182.
- Herbane, B. (2010). Small business research : time for a crisis-based view. International Small Business Journal, 28(1), 43-64.
- Hoehn-Velasco, L., Silverio-Murillo, A. et Balmori de la Miyar, J.R. (2021). The long downturn : the impact of the great lockdown on formal employment. Journal of Economics and Business. Récupéré le 15 septembre 2021 sur le site : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2021.105983.
- Jarvis, A. et Mishra, P.K. (2020). Leadership for learning : lessons from the great lockdown. International Journal of Leadership in Education. Récupéré le 15 septembre 2021 sur le site : https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2020.1862920.
- Kraus, S., Clauss, T., Breier, M., Gast, J., Zardini, A. et Tiberius, V. (2020). The economics of Covid-19 : initial empirical evidence on how family firms in five European countries cope with the corona crisis. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(5), 1067-1092.
- Kuckertz, A., Brändle, L., Gauding, A., Hinderer, S., Reyes, C.A.M., Prochotta, A., Steinbrink, K.M. et Berger, E.S. (2020). Start-up in times of crisis. A rapid response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13. Récupéré le 15 septembre 2021 sur le site : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00169.
- Langley, A. (1999). Strategies for theorizing from process data. Academy of Management Review, 24(4), 691-710.
- Lippmann, S. et Aldrich, H.E. (2016). A rolling stone gathers momentum : generational units, collective memory and entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review, 41(4), 658-675.
- Lumpkin, G.T., Bacq, S. et Pidduck, R.J. (2018). Where change happens : community‐level phenomena in social entrepreneurship research. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(1), 24-50.
- Manolova, T.S., Brush, C.G., Edelman, L.F. et Elam, A. (2020). Pivoting to stay the course : how women entrepreneurs take advantage of opportunities created by the Covid-19 pandemic. International Small Business Journal, 38(6), 481-491.
- Martinelli, E., Tagliazucchi, G. et Marchi, G. (2018). The resilient retail entrepreneur : dynamic capabilities for facing natural disasters. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 24(7), 1222-1243.
- MartinezDy, A. et Jayawarna, D. (2020). Bios, mythoi and women entrepreneurs : a Wynterian analysis of the intersectional impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on self-employed women and women-owned businesses. International Small Business Journal, 38(5), 391-403.
- Mauss, M. (1950, 1968) Sociologie et Anthropologie, Paris, Presses universitaires de France.
- Meliou, E. (2020). Family as a eudaimonic bubble : women entrepreneurs mobilizing resources of care during persistent financial crisis and austerity. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(2), 218-235.
- Molina, J.L., Valenzuela-García, H., Lubbers, M.J., Escribano, P. et Lobato, M.M. (2018). The cowl does make the monk : understanding the emergence of social entrepreneurship in times of downturn. Voluntas : International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 29(4), 725-739.
- Morgan, T., Anokhin, S., Ofstein, L. et Friske, W. (2020). Covid-19 ? SME response to major exogenous shocks : the bright and dark sides of business model pivoting. International Small Business Journal, 38(5), 369-379.
- Parker, S.C., Congregado, E. et Golpe, A.A. (2012). Testing for hysteresis in entrepreneurship in 23 OECD countries. Applied Economics Letters, 19(1), 61-66.
- Platje, J., Harvey, J. et Rayman-Bacchus, L. (2020). Covid-19 reflections on the surprise of both an expected and unexpected event. The Central European Review of Economics and Management, 4(1), 149-162.
- Politis, D. (2008). Does prior start‐up experience matter for entrepreneurs’ learning ? A comparison between novice and habitual entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(3), 472-489.
- Powell, G.N. et Eddleston, K.A. (2017). Family involvement in the firm, family‐to‐business support and entrepreneurial outcomes : an exploration. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(4), 614-631.
- Rakopoulos, T. (2015). Solidarity’s tensions : informality, sociality, and the greek crisis. Social Analysis, 59(3), 85-104.
- Ratten, V. (2020). Coronavirus (Covid-19) and entrepreneurship : changing life and work landscape. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(5), 503-516.
- Rudolph, C.W. et Zacher, H. (2020). The Covid-19 generation : a cautionary note. Work, Aging and Retirement, 6(3), 139-145.
- Saridakis, G. (2012). Introduction to the special issue on enterprise activity, performance and policy during times of crisis. International Small Business Journal, 30(7), 733-735.
- Smith, J. (2009). Solidarity networks : what are they ? And why should we care ? The Learning Organization, 16(6), 460-468.
- Steyaert, C. (2007). Entrepreneuring as a conceptual attractor ? A review of process theories in 20 years of entrepreneurship studies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 19(6), 453-477.
- Taleb, N.N. (2007). The Black Swan : the impact of the highly improbable. New York, Random House.
- Thorgren, S. et Williams, T.A. (2020). Staying alive during an unfolding crisis : how SMEs ward off impending disaster. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 14. Récupéré le 15 septembre 2021 sur le site : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00187.
- Ucbasaran, D., Alsos, G.A., Westhead, P. et Wright, M. (2008). Habitual entrepreneurs. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 4(4), 309-450.
- Valeras, A. (2020). Covid-19 : complexity and the Black Swan. Families, Systems & Health, 38(2), 221-223.
- VandeVen, A.H. et Engleman, R.M. (2004). Event-and outcome-driven explanations of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(3), 343-358.
- Williams, N. et Vorley, T. (2015). The impact of institutional change on entrepreneurship in a crisis-hit economy : the case of Greece. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(1-2), 28-49.
- Xu, F., Kellermanns, F.W., Jin, L. et Xi, J. (2020). Family support as social exchange in entrepreneurship : its moderating impact on entrepreneurial stressors-well-being relationships. Journal of Business Research, 120, 59-73.
- Zhang, T. et Acs, Z. (2018). Age and entrepreneurship : nuances from entrepreneur types and generation effects. Small Business Economics, 51(4), 773-809.