Résumés
Abstract
Mobile Beach, a reflective, moderate-to-high energy, gravel bayhead bar system in eastern Newfoundland, has been influenced by 15 hurricanes and strong winter storms, and at least 9 significant autumn and winter storms between July 1989 and December 2005. Yearly variations in the extent of seasonal ice cover offshore, and snow cover, ice foot development, and freezing of beach sediment, also have shaped Mobile Beach. Vehicle activity and foot traffic have resulted in coarsening, compaction, and steepening. Excavation of a drainage channel through the beach affected sediment supply and transport. Changes in hurricane activity, in the occurrence and impact of northeast winds, and in seasonal ice cover, play a major role in shaping coastal morphology, in conjunction with sea level rise. Variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation are reflected in storm effectiveness and snow and ice influence. Tropical storm and hurricane activity results in substantial modifications to the beach, but the erosional events cannot be correlated with overall variations in hurricane activity. Although Mobile Beach does respond to large-scale regional to hemispheric factors, local factors, including the angle of wave attack, the number of previous events, and anthropogenic activity, play the dominant role here.
Résumé
Plus de 16 ans, plus de 16 stress : évolution d’une plage réflective de graviers, 1989-2005. La plage de Mobile est une plage à forte pente (dite réflective) de graviers, de niveau d’énergie moyen à élevé, située au sud-est de Terre-Neuve. Elle a subi 15 ouragans ou violents orages hivernaux, dont au moins neufs orages d’automne ou d’hiver importants se sont produits entre juillet 1989 et décembre 2005. Les variations annuelles de l’étendue de la couverture de glace au large, la couverture nivale, le développement d’un pied de glace et le gel des sédiments de plage ont également façonné la plage de Mobile. Le passage de véhicules et de piétons s’est traduit en une augmentation de la taille des sédiments, leur compaction et l’accentuation de la pente de la plage. Le creusement d’un canal de drainage a également affecté l’apport et le transport des sédiments. Les changements de l’activité des ouragans, de la fréquence et de l’impact des vents du nord-est et du couvert de glace saisonnier, couplés aux variations du niveau de la mer, jouent un rôle majeur sur la formation de la morphologie côtière. Les variations de l’Oscillation Nord Atlantique se reflètent dans l’intensité des orages et l’incidence de la neige et de la glace. Les tempêtes tropicales et les ouragans modifient substantiellement la plage, mais l’érosion ne peut être corrélée aux variations générales de l’activité des ouragans. Bien que la plage de Mobile réagisse aux facteurs régionaux et hémisphériques d’ensemble, les facteurs locaux, incluant l’angle d’attaque des vagues, le nombre d’événements antérieurs et les activités anthropiques, y jouent ici un rôle clé.
Parties annexes
References
- Allen, J.R., Psuty, N.P., Bauer, B.O. and Carter, R.W.G., 1996. A field data assessment of contemporary models of Beach Cusp Formation. Journal of Coastal Research, 12: 622-629.
- Baquerizo, A., Losada, M.A. and Smith, J.M., 1998. Wave Reflection from Beaches: A Predictive Model. Journal of Coastal Research, 14: 291-298.
- Boger, R., 1994. Morphology, Sedimentology, and Evolution of two Gravel Barachoix Systems, Placentia Bay. M.Sc. thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 293 p.
- Canadian Hurricane Centre, 2005a. Hurricane Juan 2003 Special Reports (available online at http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/juan/, last accessed on December 15th, 2005).
- Canadian Hurrican Centre, 2005b. Hurricane activity in 2005 (available online at http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane, last accessed on December 15th, 2005).
- Cardone, V.J., Jensen, R.E., Resio, D.T., Swail, V.R. and Cox, A.T., 1995. Evaluation of Contemporary Ocean Wave Models in Rare Extreme Events: The Halloween Storm of October 1991 and the Storm of the Century of March 1993. Journal of Atmospheric and Ocean Technology, 13: 198-230.
- Catto, N.R., 1994. Surficial Geology and Landform Classification, eastern Avalon Peninsula. Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Open File 001N/536.
- Catto, N.R., 2004a. Impacts of Recent Climatic Variability on Tourism, Gulf of St. Lawrence Coastline. In Abstract: Coastal Zone Canada 2004, St. John’s, June 2004.
- Catto, N.R., 2004b. Storm Variability and North Atlantic Oscillation impacts on beach sedimentation and geomorphology, Eastern Newfoundland. In Abstract: Coastal Zone Canada 2004, St. John’s, June 2004.
- Catto, N.R., in press. Natural Hazard Identification, Mapping, and Vulnerability Assessment in Atlantic Canada: Review, Progress and Challenges. In D.A. Eakin, ed., Hazards and Vulnerability in Canada: Selected papers from the Canadian Hazard Research Net Symposium, Winnipeg, 2004. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montréal, Kingston.
- Catto, N.R., Griffiths, H., Jones, S. and Porter, H. 2000. Late Holocene Sea Level Changes, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Current Research 2000-1, p. 49-59.
- Catto, N.R., Scruton, D. and Ollerhead, N., 2003. The Coastline of Eastern Newfoundland. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2495, 241 p.
- Catto, N.R. and Thistle, G., 1993. Geomorphology of Newfoundland. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, International Geomorphological Congress Guidebook A‑7, 55 p.
- Coco, G., O’Hare, T.J. and Huntley, D.A., 1999. Beach Cusps: A Comparison of Data and Theories for their Formation. Journal of Coastal Research, 15: 741-749.
- Cote, P.W., 1989. Ice limits, eastern Canadian seaboard. Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview.
- Debernard, J., Saetra, O. and Røed, R.P. 2002. Future wind, wave and storm surge climate in the northern North Atlantic. Climate Research, 23: 39-49.
- Emanuel, K., 2005. Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature, 436: 686-688.
- Environment Canada, 2005. Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000. Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa.
- Etheridge, B., 2005. The Sedimentology, Morphology, and Sensitivity to Petroleum Pollution of Five Gravel Beaches, Southern Shore, Newfoundland. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, unpublished Project Report, 93 p.
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2005. Tidal observations: St. John’s Harbour and Gull Island Stations, NL (available online at http://www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/meds/databases/TWL/TWL_6.html, last accessed on December 15th, 2005).
- Forbes, D.L., 1984. Coastal Geomorphology and sediments of Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Paper 84-1B, p. 11-24.
- Goldenberg, S.B., Shapiro, L.J. and Landsea, C.W., 1996. The Hyper-active 1995 Atlantic Hurricane Season: A Spike or a Harbinger of Things to Come?, p. 113-119. In R.W. Shaw, ed., Climate Change and Climate Variability in Atlantic Canada. Environment Canada, Atlantic Region, Dartmouth, Occasional Paper 9, 472 p.
- Goldenberg, S.B., Landsea, C.W., Mestas-Nuñez, A.M. and Gray, W.M., 2001. The Recent Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications. Science, 293: 474-479.
- Hayes, M.O., 1967. Hurricanes as geological agents, south Texas Coast. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 51: 937-942.
- Hill, B.T., Ruffman, A. and Drinkwater, K. 2002. Historical record of the incidence of sea ice on the Scotian Shelf and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, p. 16-23. In Proceedings of the 16th International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research, Symposium on Ice in the Environment, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2-6 December, 2002.
- Inman, D.L. and Guza, R.T., 1982. The Origin of Swash Cusps on Beaches. Marine Geology, 49: 133-148.
- Jones, S.E., 1995. A study of the morphology and sedimentology of a coastal beach in Mobile Harbour, Newfoundland, in conjunction with shoreline evolution and sea level rise. B.Sc. Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
- King, A.F., 1988. Geology of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Map 88-1.
- Knutsen, T.R. and Tuyela, R.E., 2004. Impact of CO2-Induced Warming on Simulated Hurricane Intensity and Precipitation: Sensitivity to the Choice of Climate Model and Convective Parameterization. Journal of Climate, 17: 3477-3495.
- Landsea, C.W., Pielke, R.A., Mestas-Nuñez, A.M. and Knaff, J.A., 1998. Atlantic Basin Hurricanes: Indices of Climatic Changes. Climatic Change, 42: 89-129.
- Lewis, P.J., 1996. Climate Trends in Atlantic Canada, p. 180-183. In R.W. Shaw, ed., Climate Change and Climate Variability in Atlantic Canada. Environment Canada, Atlantic Region, Dartmouth, Occasional Paper 9, 472 p.
- Liverman, D.G.E., Forbes, D.L. and Boger, R.A., 1994a. Coastal Monitoring on the Avalon Peninsula. Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Geological Survey Branch Report 94-1, p. 17-27.
- Luckman, B., 2005. The Neoglacial history of Robson Glacier, B.C. In Abstract: Canadian Association of Geographers 2005 Conference, London.
- McCulloch, M.M., Forbes, D.L. and Shaw, R.D., 2002. Coastal Impacts of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise on Prince Edward Island. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Open File 4261, 672 p.
- Neu, H.J.A., 1982. 11-year deep water wave climate of Canadian Atlantic waters. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Canadian Technical Report of Hydrography and Ocean Sciences 13, 41 p.
- Nichols, C., 1995. Sedimentology, Geomorphology, and Stability of Peter’s River Beach, Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Contractual Report to Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. John’s, 117 p.
- Pielke, R.A., Landsea, C., Mayfield, M., Laver, J. and Pasch, R., 2005. Hurricanes and Global Warming. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86: 1571-1575.
- Pink, D. and Catto, N.R., 2005. Beach Litter: volumes, sources, and movement, Avalon Peninsula, NL. In Abstract: Canadian Association of Geographers 2005 Conference, London.
- Pittman, D., 2004. Analysis of Coastal Geomorphological Processes on a Boreal Coarse Clastic Barrier: Long Pond Barachois, Conception Bay, Newfoundland. M.Sc. thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 264 p.
- Pocklington, R., 1998. Northern North Atlantic Atmospheric and Oceanic Temperature Trends over the last 200 years, p. 85-89. In D.C. MacIver and R.E. Meyer, eds., Decoding Canada’s Environmental Past: Climate Variations and Biodiversity Change during the last Millennium. Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, 101 p.
- Reid, P., 2000. Geological and Geomorphological Aspects of Trail Development, East Coast Trail, NL. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Unpublished Project Report, 60 p.
- Rodwell, M.J., Rowell, D.P. and Folland, C.K., 1999. Oceanic Forcing of the North Atlantic Oscillation and European Climate. Nature, 398: 320-323.
- Seymour, R.J. and Aubrey, D.G., 1985. Rhythmic Beach Cusp Formation: A Conceptual Synthesis. Marine Geology, 65: 289-304.
- Shapiro, L.J. and Goldenberg, S.B., 1998. Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures and Tropical Cyclone Formation. Journal of Climate, 11: 578-590.
- Shaw, J., Taylor, R.B., Forbes, D.L., Solomon, S. and Ruz, M.H., 1999. Sensitivity of the coasts of Canada to Sea-level Rise. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Bulletin 505, 114 p.
- Sugi, M., Noda, A. and Sato, N., 2002. Influence of the Global Warming on Tropical Cyclone Climatology: An Experiment with the JMA Global Model. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80: 249-272.
- Swail, V.R., 1996. Analysis of Climate Variability in Ocean Waves in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. p. 313-317. In R.W. Shaw, ed., Climate Change and Climate Variability in Atlantic Canada. Environment Canada, Atlantic Region, Dartmouth, Occasional Paper 9, 472 p.
- Taylor, R.B., Forbes, D.L., Frobel, D., Shaw, J. and Parkes, G., 1996. Shoreline response to major storm events in Nova Scotia, p. 253-267. In R.W. Shaw, ed., Climate Change and Climate Variability in Atlantic Canada. Environment Canada, Atlantic Region, Dartmouth, Occasional Paper 9, 472 p.
- Taylor, R.B., Forbes, D.L., Frobel, D., Shaw, J., and Parkes, G., 1997. Hurricane Hortense strikes Atlantic Nova Scotia: an examination of beach response and recovery. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Open File 3503.
- Trenberth, K.E., 2005. Uncertainty in Hurricanes and Global Warming. Science, 308: 1753-1754.
- Trenberth, K.E., Dai, A.G., Rasmussen, R.M. and Parsons, D.B., 2003. The changing character of precipitation. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 84: 1205-1217.
- Webster, P.J., Holland, G.J., Curry, J.A. and Chang, H.R., 2005. Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment. Science, 309: 1844-1846.
- Werner, B.T. and Fink, T.M., 1993. Beach Cusps as Self-Organized Patterns. Science, 260: 968-970.
- Wright, L.D., Chappell, J., Thom, B.G., Bradshaw, M.P. and Cowell, P., 1979. Morphodynamics of reflective and dissipative beach and inshore systems, southeastern Australia. Marine Geology, 32: 105-140.
- Yim, W.W.S., 1999. Radiocarbon dating and the recostruction of Late Quaternary sea-level changes in Hong Kong. Quaternary International, 55: 77-91.
- Yim, W.W.S., Huang, G., Fontugne, M.R., Hale, R.E., Paterne, M., Pirazzoli, P.A. and Ridley Thomas, W.N., 2006. Postglacial sea-level changes in the northern South China Sea continental shelf: evidence for a post‑8200 calendar yr BP meltwater pulse. Quaternary International, 145-146: 55-67.
- Zingg, T., 1935. Beitrage zur Schatteranalyse. Schweizerische Mineralogosche und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 15: 39-140.