Résumés
Abstract
Biome maps spanning the interval from the last glacial maximum to modern times are presented. The biome distributions at 18 ka BP were probably as nearly in equilibrium with climate as are the modern distributions, but deglacial biomes were probably in disequilibrium. Ice sheet configuration was a strong control of climate until 7 ka BP. Regional climate trends can be inferred from changing biome distributions, but during periods of disequilibrium, biome distributions under-represent summer warming. Because of summer cooling by 2-4 °C during the Holocene, largely in the last 3-5 ka, middle and certain early Holocene biome distributions and species compositions are reasonable analogues of future equilibrium displacements due to equivalent warming, at least in areas that were long-since deglaciated. Past biome migration rates in response to rapid regional warming during deglaciation were mainly in the range of 100-200 m per year. If these rates pertain in the future, biomes may shift 10-20 km in most regions over the next century. A major impediment to using former Holocene conditions as a guide to future conditions is that warmer Holocene summers were accompanied by colder winters, whereas warmer future summers will be accompanied by warmer winters.
Résumé
Les cartes des biomes établies entre le dernier maximum glaciaire et les temps modernes sont présentées. La répartition des biomes en 18 ka BP était probablement en équilibre avec le climat comme les distributions modernes, mais les biomes durant la déglaciation étaient probablement en déséquilibre. La configuration de la calotte glaciaire exerçait un fort contrôle sur le climat jusque vers 7 ka BP. Les tendances climatiques régionales peuvent être estimées à partir des changements observés dans la répartition des biomes, mais en période de déséquilibre leur distribution sous-représente le réchauffement estival. À cause du refroidissement estival de 2 à 4 °C durant l’Holocène, depuis les derniers 3 à 5 ka, la distribution des biomes au cours de l’Holocène moyen et inférieur et la composition des espèces sont similaires aux déplacements de l’équilibre futur lié au réchauffement, du moins pour les régions qui sont déglacées depuis longtemps. Les taux de migration des biomes anciens furent de l’ordre de 100 à 200 m par année. Si ces taux se maintiennent dans le futur, les biomes pourraient se déplacer de 10 à 20 km dans la plupart des régions au cours du prochain siècle. L’obstacle majeur à l’utilisation des conditions qui prévalent durant l’Holocène, pour l’estimation des conditions futures, est que les étés chauds sont accompagnés d’hivers froids tandis que les futurs étés chauds seront accompagnés d’hivers chauds.
Parties annexes
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