Résumés
Abstract
As geoscientists, we must prioritize improving our ability to communicate science to the public. Effective geoscience communication enables communities to understand how geological processes have shaped our planet and make informed decisions about Earth’s future. However, geoscience research outputs have traditionally been published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at academic conferences. Consequently, essential information about local geology is rarely available in accessible, open access, and engaging formats. Here, we propose virtual field trips, or ‘GeoTrails’, as a possible solution to address the disconnect between geoscience research and public knowledge by improving our communication to the public. This initiative is largely driven by undergraduate students, who identify points of geological interest along selected hiking trails, write concise descriptions derived from scientific sources (e.g. longer peer-reviewed articles and government reports), and collect field data (e.g. 3-D LiDAR models, drone photography) to illustrate the characteristics of these geological features. The goal of the project is to communicate the importance of local geology on our environment and to raise awareness of how changing climates could affect us in the future; this information can empower communities to make better, more informed planning decisions. The creation of GeoTrails along the Niagara Escarpment offers a promising strategy to highlight the role of geoscientists and to engage the public in our ongoing research that aims to showcase Canada’s geoheritage.
Keywords:
- GeoTrails,
- Geoscience Communication,
- Niagara Escarpment,
- Outreach,
- Teaching
Résumé
En tant que géoscientifiques, nous devons donner la priorité à l’amélioration de notre capacité à communiquer la science au public. Une communication efficace des géosciences permet aux communautés de comprendre comment les processus géologiques ont façonné notre planète et de prendre des décisions éclairées sur l’avenir de la Terre. Cependant, les résultats de la recherche en géosciences ont traditionnellement été publiés dans des revues à comité de lecture et présentés lors de conférences académiques. Par conséquent, les informations essentielles sur la géologie locale sont rarement disponibles sous des formats accessibles, en libre accès et attrayants. Dans cette optique, nous proposons des excursions virtuelles, ou « GeoTrails », comme solution possible pour combler le fossé entre la recherche en géosciences et la connaissance du public en améliorant notre communication avec celui-ci. Cette initiative est en grande partie menée par des étudiants de premier cycle, qui identifient des points d’intérêt géologiques le long de sentiers de randonnée sélectionnés, rédigent des descriptions concises basées sur des sources scientifiques (par exemple, des articles à comité de lecture plus longs et des rapports gouvernementaux) et collectent des données sur le terrain (par exemple, des modèles LiDAR 3-D, des photographies par drone) pour illustrer les caractéristiques de ces caractéristiques géologiques. L'objectif du projet est de communiquer l'importance de la géologie locale sur notre environnement et de sensibiliser aux façons dont les changements climatiques pourraient nous affecter à l'avenir; cette information peut permettre aux communautés de prendre des décisions de planification meilleures et plus éclairées. La création de GeoTrails le long de l'escarpement du Niagara offre une stratégie prometteuse pour mettre en valeur le rôle des géoscientifiques et pour engager le public dans notre recherche en cours qui vise à présenter le patrimoine géologique du Canada.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aaisyah, D., Sahari, S., Shah, A.A., Qadir, A., Prasanna, M.V., and Shalaby, R., 2021, COVID-19 as an opportunity to make field-based earth sciences and other similar courses easily accessible and affordable: Environmental Resilience and Transformation in Times of COVID-19, v. 29, p. 333–342, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85512-9.00030-9.
- Armstrong, D.K., and Dodge, J.E.P., 2007, Paleozoic geology of southern Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release-Data 219.
- Arthurs, L., 2021, Bringing the field to students during COVID-19 and beyond: GSA Today, v. 31, p. 28–29, https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg478gw.1.
- Baron, N., 2010, Escape from the Ivory Tower: A guide to making your science matter: Island Press, 272 p.
- Birnbaum, S., 2004, Overcoming the limitations of an urban setting through field-based earth systems inquiry: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 52, p. 407–410, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-52.5.407.
- Bitting, K.S., McCartney, M.J., Denning, K.R., and Roberts, J.A., 2018, Conceptual learning outcomes of virtual experiential learning: Results of Google Earth exploration in introductory geoscience courses: Research in Science Education, v. 48, p. 533–548, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9577-z.
- Bolton, T.E., 1957, Silurian stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Niagara escarpment in Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 289, 145 p., https://doi.org/10.4095/101502.
- Bond, R., and Paterson, L., 2005, Coming down from the ivory tower? Academics' civic and economic engagement with the community: Oxford Review of Education, v. 31, p. 331–351, https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980500221934.
- Brett, C.E., 1983, Sedimentology, facies and depositional environments of the Rochester Shale (Silurian; Wenlockian) in western New York and Ontario: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 53, p. 947–971, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F82F1-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
- Brett, C.E., Goodman, W.M., and LoDuca, S.T., 1990, Sequences, cycles, and basin dynamics in the Silurian of the Appalachian Foreland Basin: Sedimentary Geology, v. 69, p. 191–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(90)90051-T.
- Brett, C.E., Brunton, F.R., and Calkin, P.E., 2018, Sequence stratigraphy and paleontology of the classic Upper Ordovician–Silurian succession in Niagara County, New York: Niagara Falls, NY, Field Guidebook, Association of Earth Science Editors Niagara Falls, 210 p.
- Brocx, M., and Semeniuk, V., 2019, Building stones can be of geoheritage significance: Geoheritage, v. 11, p. 133–149, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0274-8.
- Brossard, D., and Scheufele, D.A., 2013, Science, new media, and the public: Science, v. 339, p. 40–41, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232329.
- Brownell, S.E., Price, J.V., and Steinman, L., 2013, Science communication to the general public: Why we need to teach undergraduate and graduate students this skill as part of their formal scientific training: Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education, v. 12, p. 6–10.
- Bruce Trail Conservancy, 2020, The Bruce Trail Reference: Maps and Trail Guide, eds. Kirby, K., Langley, S., Tuohy, L., and Johnson, T., Queen's Printer Ontario, Dundas, 30th edition.
- Brunton, F.R., 2009, Update of revisions to Early Silurian stratigraphy of Niagara Escarpment: Integration of sequence stratigraphy/sedimentology/hydrogeology to delineate hydrogeologic units (HGUs): Summary of Field Work and Other Activities, Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6240, p. 25-1 to 25-20, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3109.5289.
- Brunton, F.R., and Brintnell, C., 2020, Early Silurian sequence stratigraphy and geological controls on karstic bedrock groundwater-flow zones, Niagara Escarpment region and the subsurface of southwestern Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey, Groundwater Resources Study 13, 120 p.
- Carter, S.C., Griffith, E.M., Jorgensen, T.A., Coifman, K.G., and Griffith, W.A, 2021, Highlighting altruism in geoscience careers aligns with diverse US student ideals better than emphasizing working outdoors: Communications Earth & Environment, v. 2, p. 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00287-4.
- Center for Geoscience and Society, 2018, Earth and space sciences education in U.S. secondary schools: Key indicators and trends 3.0: American Geosciences Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 24 p.
- Colson, V., 2011, Science blogs as competing channels for the dissemination of science news: Journalism, v. 12, p. 889–902, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911412834.
- Cramer, B.D., Brett, C.E., Melchin, M.J., Männik, P., Kleffner, M.A., Mclaughlin, P.I., Loydell, D.K., Munnecke, A., Jeppsson, L., Corradini, C., Brunton, F.R., and Saltzman, M.R., 2011, Revised correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with global and regional chronostratigraphic units and δ13Ccarb chemostratigraphy: Lethaia, v. 44, p. 185–202, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00234.x.
- d'Alessioa, M.A., 2012, Schoolyard geology as a bridge between urban thinkers and the natural world: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 60, p. 106–113, https://doi.org/10.5408/11-246.1.
- De Paor, D.G., 2016, Virtual Rocks: GSA Today, v. 26, p. 4–11, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG257A.1.
- De Paor, D.G., Dordevic, M.M., Karabinos, P., Tewksbury, B.J., and Whitmeyer, S.J., 2016, The fold analysis challenge: A virtual globe-based educational resource: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 85, p. 85–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.02.005.
- De Paz-Álvarez, M.I., Blenkinsop, T.G., Buchs, D.M., Gibbons, G.E., and Cherns, L., 2022, Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): Delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data: Solid Earth. v. 13, p. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022.
- Dillon, D.L., Hicock, S.R., Secco, R.A., and Tsujita, C.J., 2000, A geologic rock garden as an artificial mapping area for teaching and outreach: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 48, p. 24–29, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-48.1.24.
- Disbrow-Monz, M., Ubeda, E.G., Greenberg, J., Metzger, E., and Wessel, G., 2023, Saving Earth, saving geoscience: GSA Today, v. 33, p. 52–53, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG565GW.1.
- Elkins, J.T., and Elkins, N.M.L., 2007, Teaching geology in the field: Significant geoscience concept gains in entirely field-based introductory geology courses: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 55, p. 126–132, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-55.2.126.
- Evelpidou, N., Karkani, A., Saitis, G., and Spyrou, E., 2021, Virtual field trips as a tool for indirect geomorphological experience: A case study from the southeastern part of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, Geoscience Communication, v. 4, p. 351–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-351-2021.
- Eyles, N., 2002, Toronto rocks: Geology in the city, in Eyles, N., Ontario Rocks: Three Billion Years of Environmental Change: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham, Ontario, p. 166–173.
- Formenti, S., Peace, A., Eyles, C., Lee, R., and Waldron, J.W., 2022, Fractures in the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario, Canada: distribution, connectivity, and geohazard implications: Geological Magazine, p. 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756822000462.
- Gage, H.J.M., Eyles, C.H., and Peace, A.L., 2022, Winter weathering of fractured sedimentary rocks in a temperate climate: Observation of freeze-thaw and thermal processes on the Niagara Escarpment, Hamilton, Ontario: Geological Magazine, p. 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756822000887.
- Gewin, V., 2021, Respect and representation: Nature, v. 589, p. 315–317, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00022-1.
- Grabau, A.W., 1908, A revised classification of the North American Silurian: Science, v. 27, p. 622–623.
- Gregory, D.D., Tomes, H.E., Panasiuk, S.L., and Andersen, A.J., 2022, Building an online field course using digital and physical tools including VR field sites and virtual core logging: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 70, p. 85–100, https://doi.org/10.1080/10899995.2021.1946361.
- Guertin, L.A., 2005, An indoor shopping mall building stone investigation with handheld technology for introductory geoscience students: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 53, p. 253–256, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-53.3.253.
- Hall, J., 1852, Palaeontology of New York: Van Benthuysen and Sons, Albany, NY, 362 p.
- Hannibal, J.T., and Schmidt, M.T., 1991, Interpreting urban geology: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 39, p. 272–278, https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-39.4.272.
- Haynes, S.J., 1995, Geology, landscape dynamics, and land-use of the southern Niagara Escarpment: Landplanning of a U.N. biosphere preserve: Minería y Geología, v. 12, p. 55–63, https://revista.ismm.edu.cu/index.php/revistamg/article/view/1605.
- Haynes, S.J., 2000, Geology and Wine 2. A geological foundation for terroirs and potential sub-appellations of Niagara Peninsula wines, Ontario, Canada: Geoscience Canada, v. 27, p. 67–87, https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/GC/article/view/4045.
- Hayward, A., Sjoblom, E., Sinclair, S., and Cidro, J., 2021, A new era of Indigenous research: Community-based Indigenous research ethics protocols in Canada: Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, v. 16, p. 403–417, https://doi.org/10.1177/15562646211023705.
- Hewitt, D.F., 1964, Building Stones of Ontario, Part I Introduction: Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report No. 14, 72 p.
- Horenstein, S., 2008, Building stone treasure troves: Evolution: Education and Outreach, v. 1, p. 520–530, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-008-0075-2.
- Hoskin, P.W.O., 2000, Urban outcrops and the lunchtime petrology field trip: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 48, p. 573, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-48.5.573b.
- Illingworth, S., Stewart, I., Tennant, J., and von Elverfeldt, K., 2018, Editorial: Geoscience Communication - Building bridges, not walls: Geoscience Communation, v. 1, p. 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-1-1-2018.
- Kean, W.F., and Enochs, L.G., 2001, Urban field geology for K–8 teachers: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 49, p. 358–363, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-49.4.358.
- Kean, W.F., Posnanski, T.J., Wisniewski, J.J., and Lundberg, T.C., 2004, Urban earth science in Milwaukee Wisconsin: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 52, p. 433–437, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-52.5.433.
- Kemp, K.M., and Freeman, E.B., 1998, Field trip A5 building stones of Toronto: 17th General Meeting International Mineralogical Association, 12 p.
- Kern, E.L., and Carpenter, J.R., 1984, Enhancement of student values, interests and attitudes in Earth Science through a field-oriented approach: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 32, p. 299–305, https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-32.5.299.
- Kern, E.L., and Carpenter, J.R., 1986, Effect of field activities on student learning: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 34, p. 180–183, https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-34.3.180.
- Kingston, M.S., and Presant, E.W., 1989, The soils of the regional municipality of Niagara: Report No. 60 of the Ontario Institute of Pedology, Land Resource Research Centre Contribution No. 89-17, https://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/on/on60/on60-v2_report.pdf.
- Kirkby, K.C., 2014, Place in the city: Place-based learning in a large urban undergraduate geoscience program: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 62, p. 177–186, https://doi.org/10.5408/12-396.1.
- Larsen, T., Tabor, L., and Smith, P., 2021, End of the field? Hacking online and hybrid environments for field-based learning in geography education: Journal of Geography, v. 120, p. 3–11, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2020.1858325.
- Mani, L., Cole, P.D., and Stewart, I., 2016, Using video games for volcanic hazard education and communication: An assessment of the method and preliminary results: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, v. 16, p. 1673–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1673-2016.
- Marshall, M.S., and Higley, M.C., 2021, Multi-scale virtual field experience: Sedimentology and stratigraphy of Grand Ledge, Michigan, USA: Geoscience Communication, v. 4, p. 461–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-461-2021.
- Middleton, G.V., 2011, Hamilton Building Stone: Raise the Hammer [website], https://raisethehammer.org/authors/197/gerard_v_middleton.
- Morse, J.W., Gladkikh, T.M., Hackenburg, D.M., and Gould, R.K., 2020, COVID-19 and human-nature relationships: Vermonters' activities in nature and associated nonmaterial values during the pandemic: PLoS ONE, v. 15, e0243697, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243697.
- Mosher, S., and Keane, C., (editors), 2021, Vision and change in the geosciences: The future of undergraduate geoscience education: American Geosciences Institute, Washington, DC, 178 p., https://www.americangeosciences.org/change/pdfs/Vision-Change-Geosciences.pdf.
- Needle, M.D., Crider, J.G., Mooc, J., and Akers, J.F., 2022, Virtual field experiences in a web-based videogame environment: Open-ended examples of existing and fictional field sites: Geoscience Communication, v. 5, p. 251–260, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-5-251-2022.
- Peace, A.L., Gabriel, J.J., and Eyles, C., 2021, Geoscience fieldwork in the age of COVID-19 and beyond: Commentary on the development of a virtual geological field trip to Whitefish Falls, Ontario, Canada: Geosciences, v. 11, 489, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11120489.
- Peebles, P.C., and Johnson, G.H., 1984, A field trip guide: The geology of building stones in metropolitan areas: Science Activities, v. 21, p. 19–26, https://doi.org/10.1080/00368121.1984.9957990.
- Perez-Monserrat, E.M., de Buergo, M.A., Gomez-Heras, M., Muriel, M.J.V., and Gonzalez, R.F., 2013, An urban geomonumental route focusing on the petrological and decay features of traditional building stones used in Madrid, Spain: Environmental Earth Sceinces, v. 69, p. 1071–1084, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2164-3.
- Petcovic, H.L., Stokes, A., and Caulkins, J.L., 2014, Geoscientists' perceptions of the value of undergraduate field education: GSA Today, v. 24, p. 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG196A.1.
- Ramharrack-Maharaj, S., and Davies, E., 2023, Linking surface hydrology and geology: A case study of the Niagara Escarpment (Hamilton, Ontario) (Abstract): Geoscience Canada, v. 50, p. ##, https://doi.org/#####.
- Roche, J., Bell, L., Galvão, C., Golumbic, Y.N., Kloetzer, L., Knoben, N., Laakso, M., Lorke, J., Mannion, G., Massetti, L., Mauchline, A., Pata, K., Ruck, A., Taraba, P., and Winter, S., 2020, Citizen science, education, and learning: Challenges and opportunities: Frontiers in Sociology, v. 5, 613814, https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.613814.
- Rogers, C., 2019, Guide to some of the building stones at the University of Toronto: 17th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials, Toronto.
- Ryan-Davis, J., and Scalice, D., 2022, Co-creating ethical practices and approaches for fieldwork: AGU Advances, v. 3, e2022AV000762, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022AV000762.
- Scott, R.W., and Huff, F.A., 1996, Impacts of the Great Lakes on regional climate conditions: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, p. 845–863, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)71006-7.
- Seneca College, 2022, A dish with one spoon (Chapter 3), in Skoden: Teaching, Talking, and Sharing About and for Reconciliation: Open Library, https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/skoden/.
- Shaw, A.B., 2005, The Niagara Peninsula viticultural area: A climatic analysis of Canada's largest wine region: Journal of Wine Research, v. 16, p. 85–103, https://doi.org/10.1080/09571260500327630.
- Statistics Canada, 2023, 2021 Census of population geographic summary: Statistics Canada, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/search-recherche/productresults-resultatsproduits-eng.cfm?Lang=E&GEOCODE=2021A00033518.
- Steele, K.G., and Haynes, S.J., 2000, Mines and wines: Industrial minerals, geology and wineries of the Niagara Region - Field Trip Guidebook: Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 6029, 25 p.
- Stewart, I.S., and Lewis, D., 2017, Communicating contested geoscience to the public: Moving from 'matters of fact' to 'matters of concern': Earth-Science Reviews, v. 174, p. 122–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.003.
- Stewart, I.S., and Nield, T., 2013, Earth stories: Context and narrative in the communication of popular geoscience: Proceedings of the Geologists' Assocation, v. 124, p. 699–712, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2012.08.008.
- Symons, S.L., Colgoni, A., and Harvey, C.T., 2017, Student perceptions of staged transfer to independent research skills during a four-year honours science undergraduate program: The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, v. 8, 6, https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2017.1.6.
- Tovell, W.M, 1992, Guide to the geology of the Niagara Escarpment with field trips, in Brown, L., ed., The Niagara Escarpment Commission with the Assistance of the Ontario Heritage Foundation: Ashton-Potter Limited, Concord, ON, p. 150.
- UNESCO, 2018, Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve: Available at: https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na/niagara-escarpment#:~:text=Socio-Economic%20Characteristics.
- Waldron, J.W.F., Locock, A.J., and Pujadas-Botey, A., 2016, Building an outdoor classroom for field geology: The geoscience garden: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 64, p. 215–230, https://doi.org/10.5408/15-133.1.
- Weber, B., 2023, 'Something's changed': Summer 2023 is screaming climate change, scientists say: CBC News Calgary, updated 6 August 2023, 1.6929271, https://www.cbc.ca/.
- Wetzel, L.R., 2002, Building stones as resources for student research: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 50, p. 404–409, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-50.4.404.
- Whitmeyer, S.J., and Dordevic, M., 2021, Creating virtual geologic mapping exercises in a changing world: Geosphere, v. 17, p. 226–243, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02308.1.
- Whitmeyer, S.J., Bailey, J.E., De Paor, D.G., and Ornduff, T., (editors), 2012, Google Earth and Virtual Visualizations in Geoscience Education and Research: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 492, 468 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE492.
- Whitmore, C., and Carlson, E., 2022, Making land acknowledgements in the university setting meaningful and appropriate: College Teaching, https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2022.2070720.
- Williams, M.Y., 1919, The Silurian geology and faunas of Ontario Peninsula, and Manitoulin and adjacent islands: Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 111, 195 p., https://doi.org/10.4095/101651.
- Yin, Y., Dong, Y., Wang, K., Wang, D., and Jones, B.F., 2022, Public use and public funding of science: Nature Human Behaviour, v. 6, p. 1344–1350, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01397-5.