Résumés
Abstract
In Brazil, a policy on citizen participation and consultation in urban intervention programs, in particular in the development of master plans, was first introduced into the Federal Constitution in 1988. This article presents an historical reconstitution of Master Plans in Bauru – State of São Paulo – Brazil. The 1968, 1988 and 2005/2006 consultation methods are analyzed using established criteria. The degree of community participation in the processes is estimated by drawing on a typology based on the level of involvement by residents. The effects of participation caused by changes in political regime, technical planning vision, legal support to consultation, recognition of community importance and knowledge acquired during the process are highlighted and discussed.
Keywords:
- Citizen participation,
- participative process,
- master plans
Résumé
La participation citoyenne est instrumentalisée au Brésil depuis 1988, date à laquelle la constitution fédérale a réglementé la participation dans les programmes d’urbanisme, plus spécifiquement dans le développement des schémas directeurs. Cet article présente une reconstitution historique des schémas directeurs développés à Bauru – Etat de Sao Paolo – Brésil. D’abord, les méthodes de consultation participative de 1968, 1988 et 2005/2006 sont comparées à l’aide d’une grille d’analyse. Ensuite, le degré de participation communautaire aux processus est estimé par l’application d’une typologie fondée sur le niveau de participation des habitants. Enfin, nous proposons de mettre en évidence et de discuter les effets produits par les changements de coalitions d’acteurs au pouvoir, de l’approche de la planification stratégique, du cadre juridique dans lequel s’inscrit la consultation participative, de la reconnaissance de l’importance de la communauté et du savoir-faire acquis au long du processus.
Mots-clés :
- Participation citoyenne,
- processus participatif,
- plans directeurs
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- ACT GOVERNMENT (2001). Consultation Manual 2001: hands on help for planning effective consultation strategies, Australia. Available from: www.act.gov.br Accessed: 22 August 2005.
- AGROQUISA (1988). Os Frutos da Terra: Bauru, 1896-1988, São Paulo, [s.n.].
- ARNSTEIN, S.R.(1969). „A ladder of citizen participation”, Journal of American Institute of Planners, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 219-224.
- Prefeitura Municipal Bauru (1968). Plano Diretor de Bauru. Centro de Pesquisas e Estudos Urbanísticos – FAUUSP, 219 p.
- Prefeitura Municipal Bauru (1997). Plano Diretor de Bauru 1996: caderno de dados, levantamentos, diagnóstico, Lei nº 4.126/1996, Bauru, Seplan/Dae, 200 p.
- Prefeitura Municipal Bauru (s.d.). Plano Diretor Participativo: etapas do PDP, available from: www.bauru.sp.gov.br. Accessed: 07 January 2008.
- Prefeitura Municipal Bauru (2008). “Lei nº 5.631 de 22 de agosto de 2008”, Institui o Plano Diretor Participativo do Município de Bauru. Diário Oficial do Município, Ano XIII – 1570. Available from: www.bauru.sp.gov.br.
- Brasil (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, Senado, 1988. Available from: www.planalto.gov.Br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm. Accessed: 27 February 2007
- Brasil (2001). Lei nº 10.257 de 10 de julho de 2001. Regulamenta os art. 182 e 183 da Constituição Federal, estabelece diretrizes gerais de política urbana e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, 17 jul. 2001. Available from: www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/LEIS_2001/L10257.htm. Accessed: 27 February 2007.
- Burgos, R. (2007). “Da democratização política à radicalização da democracia: novas dimensões estratégicas dos movimentos sociais”, in DAGNINO, E. and L. TATAGIBA (org.). Democracia, sociedade civil e participação, Chapecó, Argos, p. 127-166.
- Carson, L. and K. Gelber, (2001). Ideas for Community Consultation: a discussion on principles and procedures for making consultation work, Camberra, NSW Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, 59p.
- Howard, T.L.J. and N. Gaborit (2007). “Using virtual environment technology to improve public participation in urban planning process”, , Vol. 133, No. 4, p. 233-241. Available from: http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/wwwdisplay.cgi?0708150. Accessed: 28 October 2009.
- Autoridades receberam Plano Diretor da cidade (1968). Jornal da Cidade, Bauru, p. 1, 15 December 1968.
- New Economics Foundation (NEF) (1998). Participation Works! 21 techniques of community participation for the 21st century. UK Community Participation Network.
- Available from : www.neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_ PublicationDetail.aspx?PID=16. Accessed: 25 August 2007.
- Renn, O., T. Webler, H. Rakel, P. Dienel and B. Johnson (1993). “Public participation in decision making: a three-step procedure”, Publicy Sciences 26, Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 189-214.
- Rolnik, R. (ed.) (s.d.). The Statute of the City: new tools for assuring the right to the city in Brasil. Available from: www.polis.org.br. Accessed: 03 May 2009.
- Rowe, G. and L. Frewer (2000). “Public Participation Methods: A Framework for Evaluation”, Science, Technology & Human Values, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 3-29.
- Rydin, Y. and F. Sommer (2000). The LITMUS Project. Final Monitoring and Evaluation Report, London, London School of Economics, Departament of Geography and environment.
- São Paulo (1967). Lei Orgânica dos Municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Lei nº 9.842 de 19 de setembro de 1967.
- Villaça, F. (1999). "Uma contribuição para a história do planejamento urbano no Brasil", in: DEÁK, C and S. SCHIFFER, O processo de urbanização no Brasil, São Paulo, Edusp/Fupam, p. 169-243.