Résumés
Résumé
Dans cet article, nous explorons le lien entre les systèmes de certification industrielle et la formulation de l’identité dans un contexte plus large d’indépendance du Groenland. Nous explorons les visions ethno-politiques et les interférences qui émanent du processus d’indépendance nationale comme outil heuristique, en nous appuyant sur trois labels de durabilité utilisés dans les secteurs de la pêche, de la chasse et du tourisme au Groenland. En nous basant sur leur conception de la durabilité, nous cherchons à savoir si et dans quelle mesure les systèmes de certification volontaires et enregistrés sous la tutelle du gouvernement autonome du Groenland ajoutent à la manière dont la recherche a précédemment défini les identités groenlandaises. Nous examinons également la manière dont ces systèmes de certification contiennent, évoquent, soutiennent ou contestent les catégories ethno-nationales pertinentes pour la construction de la nation groenlandaise. En conclusion, nous soutenons que les régimes de certification au Groenland s’appuient sur des anciennes et émergentes catégories d’identité collective, contribuant ainsi au repositionnement continu des secteurs économiques clés du Groenland dans la construction de la nation postcoloniale.
Mots-clés :
- Certification,
- construction de la nation,
- pêche,
- chasse au phoque,
- tourisme
Abstract
In this article, we explore the connection between industrial certification schemes and the articulation of identity within a broader context of Greenlandic independence. As a heuristic tool to explore ethno-political visions and interferences that emerge from the process of national independence, we draw on three sustainability labels used within the Greenlandic fisheries, hunting and tourism sectors. Drawing on their framings of sustainability, we examine whether and in what ways voluntary marked-based certification schemes under the auspices of the Greenland Self-rule Government add to how research has previously defined Greenlandic identities. We further discuss how these certification schemes contain, speak to, support, or contest ethno-national categories with relevance to Greenlandic nation building. In conclusion, we argue that certification regimes in Greenland draw on old as well as emerging categories of collective identity, contributing to the continuous repositioning of Greenland’s key economic sectors in post-colonial nation building.
Keywords:
- Certification,
- nation building,
- fisheries,
- sealing,
- tourism
Parties annexes
Références
- Anderson, B. 2006. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Londres et New York, Verso Books.
- Arneborg, J. 2023. « The Norse Settlement of Greenland ». In A. Howkins et P. Roberts (dir.), The Cambridge History of the Polar Regions, p.1702. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Barclay, K., et A. Miller. 2018. « The Sustainable Seafood Movement Is a Governance Concert, with the Audience Playing a Key Role », Sustainability 10 (1) : 108. http://doi.org/10.3390/su10010180.
- Bjørst, L. R. 2022. « To Live Up to our Name “Greenland”: Politics of Comparison in Greenland’s Green Transition », Arctic Yearbook 2022 : 1-19.
- Chimirri, D. 2021. « Studying Tourism in Greenland through Collaboration: A Social Practice Approach », Thèse de Doctorat, Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Consulté le 20 novembre 2021, https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/549572655/PHD_DC_E_pdf.
- Dahl, J. 1986. Arktisk selvstyre [Arctic self-government]. Copenhagen : Akademisk Forlag.
- Dahl, J. 2000. Saqqaq. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
- Dahl, J. 2010. « Identity, Urbanization and Political Demography in Greenland », Acta Borealia 27 (2) : 125-140.
- Departement for Finanser. 2016. Vision og baerende principper for Holdbarheds- og vaekstplanen [Vision and guiding principles for the Sustainability and Growth Plan]. Nuuk, Ministry of Finances and Mineral Resources.
- Edwards, D. P., et S. G. Laurance. 2012. « Green Labelling, Sustainability and the Expansion of Tropical Agriculture: Critical Issues for Certification Schemes », Biological Conservation 151 (1) : 60-64.
- European Commission. 2015, 26.10. Commission Decision (2015/C 355/05). Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32015D1027(02).
- European Commission. 2016. The EU Seal Regime. Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/biodiversity/animal_welfare/seals/pdf/.
- European Commission. 2020. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. On the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1007/2009, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2015/1775, on the Trade in Seal Products. Brussels 10.1.2020. COM (2020) 4 final. Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3a2020%3a4%3aFIN&msclkid=2508e4f1c23211ecab408e7aac8ca527.
- Friis, P., et R. O. Rasmussen. 1989. The Development of Greenland’s Main Industry – The Fishing Industry. NORS-papers No. 6. Publications from the Institute of Geography, Socio-economic Analyses and Computer Science. Research report no. 67. Roskilde, Denmark, Roskilde University.
- Gad, U. P. 2009. « Post-colonial Identity in Greenland? When the Empire Dichotomizes Back—Bring Politics Back In », Journal of Language and Politics 8 (1) : 136-158.
- Gad, U. P. 2016. National Identity Politics and Postcolonial Sovereignty Games : Greenland, Denmark, and the European Union, Vol. 354. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press.
- Gad, U. P. 2021. « Kan Grønland vaere andet end arktisk? Postkolonial sammenligningspolitik som forskningsdagsorden. [Can Greenland be anything other than Arctic? Postcolonial politics of comparison as a research agenda] », Økonomi & Politik (2) : 99-114.
- Gad, U. P. et J. Strandsbjerg (dir.). 2018. The Politics of Sustainability in the Arctic: Reconfiguring Identity, Space, and Time. New York, Routledge.
- Government of Greenland/Naalakkersuisut. 2016. Turismeudvikling in Grønland : Hvad skal del til? National sektorplan for turisme 2016–2020. [Tourism development in Greenland ? What will it take ? National sector plan 2016-2020]. Nuuk, Greenland.
- Graugaard, N. D. 2020. « Tracing Seal – Unsettling Narratives of Kalaallit Seal Relations ». Thèse de Doctorat, Aalborg University – Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
- Great Greenland n.d. https://www.greatgreenland.com/skind-c-26.html.
- Grydehøj, A. 2016. « Navigating the Binaries of Island Independence and Dependence in Greenland: Decolonisation, Political Culture, and Strategic Services », Political Geography 55 : 102-112.
- Hadimichael, M., et T. Hegland. 2015. « Really Sustainable? Inherent Risks of Eco-labeling in Fisheries », Fisheries Research 174 : 129-135.
- Hall, D. R. 2021. Tourism, Climate Change and the Geopolitics of Arctic Development: The Critical Case of Greenland. Wallingford, CABI.
- Heinrich, J. 2017. « Independence Through International Affairs: How Foreign Relations Shaped Greenlandic Identity Before 1979 », in K. Kristensen et J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (dir.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic, 28-37. Londres, Routledge.
- Holm, P., et K. N. Nielsen. 2004. The TAC Machine, Appendix B, Working Document I. ICES 2004 Report of the working group for fisheries systems (WGFS). Annual Report. Copenhagen.
- Jacobsen, R. B. 2013. « Power and Participation in Greenlandic Fisheries. The Becoming of Problems, Selves and Others in the Everyday Politics of Meaning ». Thèse de Doctorat, Aalborg University, Department of Planning. Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/316447369/PhD_thesis_Rikke_Becker_Jacobsen.pdf.
- Jacobsen, R. B. 2017. Befolkningens holdninger til fiskeriets rolle i det grønlandske samfund. Rapport til grønlandske borgere og interessenter i fiskeriet [The population’s attitudes toward the role of fishing in Greenlandic society. Report to Greenlandic citizens and stakeholders in the fishery industry]. Aalborg University : Det Tekniske Fakultet for IT og Design, Institut for Planlaegning. Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/256740043/Gr_nlandske_holdninger_til_fiskeriets_rolle_i_det_gr_nlandske_samfund.pdf.
- Jacobsen, R. B. 2019. « The Sustainability of What? Stocks, Communities, the Public Purse? ». In U. Gad et J. Strandsbjerg (dir.), The Politics of Sustainability in the Arctic. Reconfiguring Identity, Space and Time, 19-33. Londres, Routledge.
- Johnsen, J. P., P. Sinclair, P. Holm, et D. Bavington. 2009. « The Cyborgization of the Fisheries: On Attempts to Make Fisheries Management Possible », Maritime Studies 7 (2) : 9-34.
- Junior, R. M., D. Franks et S. H. Ali. 2016. « Sustainability Certification Schemes: Evaluating their Effectiveness and Adaptability », Corporate Governance. International Journal of Business in Society 16 (3) : 579-592.
- Le Manach, F., J. L. Jaquet, M. Bailey, C. Jouanneau et C. Nouvian. 2019. « Small is Beautiful, but Large is Certified: A Comparison Between Fisheries and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Featured in its Promotional Materials and MSC-certified Fisheries », PLoS ONE 15 (4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231073.
- Lennert, A. E. 2017. A Millennium of Changing Environments in the Godthåbsfjord, Bridging Cultures of Knowledge. Nuuk, Ilisimatusarfik, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and Climate Research Centre.
- Long, S. et P. J. S. Jones. 2021. « Greenland’s Offshore Greenland Halibut Fishery and Role of the Marine Stewardship Council Certification : A Governance Case Study », Marine Policy 127 (May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104095.
- Löfgren, O. 1988. « The Nationalization of Culture », Ethnologia Europaea 19 (1) : 5-24.
- Marin-Burgos, V., J. S. Clancy et J. C. Lovett. 2015. « Contesting Legitimacy of Voluntary Sustainability Certification Schemes : Valuation Languages and Power Asymmetries in the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil in Colombia », Ecological Economics 117 : 303-313.
- Marquardt, O., P. Holm et D. J. Starkey (dir). 1999. From Sealing to Fishing, Social and Economic Change in Greenland, 1980-1940. Esbjerg, Studia Atlantica.
- MSC (Marine Stewardship Council). 2019, 01.31. MSC Certificates Suspended for all North East Atlantic Mackerel Fisheries. Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://www.msc.org/media-centre/press-releases/press-release/msc-certificates-suspended-for-all-north-east-atlantic-mackerel-fisheries.
- MSC (Marine Stewardship Council). 2019. MSC General Certification Requirements. Version 2.4.1. Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://www.msc.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/for-business/program-documents/general-certification-requirements/msc-general-certification-requirements-v2-4.pdf?sfvrsn=d1b5f2f_20.
- MSC (Marine Stewardship Council). 2020. Celebrating and Supporting Sustainable Fisheries. Marine Stewardship Council Annual Report 2019-2020. Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://www.msc.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/about-the-msc/msc-annual-report-2019-2020.pdf?msclkid=1f57c349c23911ecb889f04b4bfe025a.
- Olsen, N. L. 2010. « Kalaalimernit – en immateriel kulturarv [Kalaalimernit – An immaterial cultural heritage] », Tidsskriftet Grønland 3 : 218-227.
- Picard, M. 1997. « Cultural Tourism, Nation-building, and Regional Culture: The Making of a Balinese Identity. Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies ». In M. Picard and R. Wood (dir), Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies, 181-214. O’ahu, University of Hawaii Press.
- Ren, C., et M. S. Abildgaard. 2021. « Greenlandic Independence and Tourism Futures: Exploring Modern and Ethnic Logics ». In Hall (dir.), Tourism, Climate Change and a Geopolitics of Arctic Development : The Critical Case of Greenland, 178-186. Oxfordshire ; Boston, CABI Publishing.
- Ren, C., et G. T. Jóhannesson. 2023. « To Be or Not to Be Like Iceland? (Ontological) Politics of Comparison in Greenlandic Tourism Development », Polar Record 59 : e9.
- Ren, C., D. Chimirri et M. S. Abildgaard. 2020. Toward Culturally Sensitive Tourism. Report from Greenland. Report, University of Lapland. Publications of the Multidimensional Tourism Institute. Consulté le 21 novembre 2023, https://lauda.ulapland.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/64215/Arctisen_Greenland_report_FINAL.pdf ?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
- Ren, C., U. P. Gad, et L. R. Bjørst. 2019. « Branding on the Nordic Margins: Greenland Brand Configurations », In A. Lucarelli, C. Cassinger et S. Gyimóthy (dir.), The Nordic Wave in Place Branding, 160-175. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Ren, C., et K. Thisted. 2021. « Branding Nordic Indigeneities », Journal of Place Management and Development 14 (3) : 301-314.
- Rosing, M., A. Mosbech, A. M. Hansen, B. O. G. Mortensen, V. G. Ulfbeck, G. Alfredsson, F. Sejersen, G. Helgesen, K. G. Hansen, M. V. Rasmussen, O. J. Borch, R. O. Rasmussen et S. B. Nielsen. 2014. Til gavn for Grønland: Udvalget for samfundsgavnlig udnyttelse af Grønlands naturressourcer [For the benefit of Greenland : The committee for socially beneficial utilization of Greenland’s natural resources]. Københavns Universitet.
- SFG n.d. http://www.sfg.gl/da/om-sfg/fiskeri.
- Sowa, F. 2013. « Relations of Power and Domination in a World Polity: The Politics of Indigeneity and National Identity in Greenland », Arctic Yearbook 2013 : 184-198.
- Strandsbjerg, J. 2014. « Making Sense of Contemporary Greenland: Indigeneity, Resources and Sovereignty », In R. Powell et K. Dodds (dir.), Polar Geopolitics ? Knowledges, Resources and Legal Regimes, 259-276. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Søbye, G. 2019. Suveraenitetens umulighed og det glemte folk i Grønland. En livsformsanalyse af selvstyreprocessen med udgangspunkt i fangst-og fiskerisektoren [The impossibility of sovereignty and the forgotten people in Greenland. A way of life analysis of the self-governance process based on the catching and fishing sector]. Det Humanistiske Fakultet : Københavns Universitet.
- Thisted, K. 2012. « A New Start for Greenland », News from Other Worlds 1 : 376.
- Troester, R., et M. Hiete. 2018. « Success of Voluntary Sustainability Certification Schemes – A Comprehensive Review », Journal of Cleaner Production 196 : 1034-1043.
- Wennecke, C. W., R. B. Jacobsen et C. Ren. 2019. « Motivations for Indigenous Island Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs and Behavioral Economics in Greenland », Island Studies Journal 14 (2) : 43-60.
- Wilson, D. C. 2009. The Paradoxes of Transparency: Science and the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in Europe. MARE Publication Series No. 5. Amsterdam University Press.