Résumés
Abstract
Among various methods of mastering and governing the Far East and the Arctic, Soviet authorities implemented a specific system of knowledge production (kraevedenie) and its institutional centers: kraevedcheskii museums. The research activities and exhibition policies of museums across the former Soviet Union were guided by a group of Moscow-based policymakers and scientists who developed a strict exhibition structure and associated narratives. This article relates the history of several kraevedcheskii museums in Chukotka against a backdrop of center-periphery and colonial relationships in the former Soviet Union, and also analyzes the contemporary exhibitions of these museums and their role within Indigenous communities.
Keywords:
- Kraevedenie,
- museums,
- knowledge production,
- Chukotka
Résumé
Parmi les diverses méthodes de maîtrise et de gouvernance de l’Extrême-Orient et de l’Arctique, les autorités soviétiques ont mis en place un système spécifique de production de connaissances (kraevedenie) et des centres institutionnels : les musées kraevedčeskij. Les activités de recherche et les politiques d’exposition des musées de l’ancienne Union soviétique étaient guidées par un groupe de décideurs et de scientifiques basés à Moscou, qui ont développé une structure d’exposition stricte et les récits associés. Cet article relate l’histoire de plusieurs musées kraevedčeskij de la Tchoukotka sur fond de relations centre-périphérie et coloniales dans l’ancienne Union soviétique. Il analyse également les expositions contemporaines de ces musées et leur rôle au sein des communautés autochtones.
Mots-clés:
- Kraevedenie,
- musées,
- production de savoirs,
- Tchoukotka
Аннотация
Среди различных методов освоения и управления Дальним Востоком и Арктикой советские власти внедрили особую систему производства знаний (краеведение) и ее институциональные центры – краеведческие музеи. Исследовательская деятельность и выставочная политика музеев на территории бывшего Советского Союза направлялась группой московских политиков и ученых, которые разработали строгую выставочную структуру и связанные с ней нарративы. В данной статье рассказывается об истории нескольких краеведческих музеев на Чукотке на фоне отношений центр-периферия и колониальных отношений в бывшем Советском Союзе, а также анализируются современные выставки этих музеев и их роль в сообществах коренных народов.
Ключевые слова:
- Краеведение,
- музеи,
- производство знаний,
- Чукотка
Parties annexes
References
- Cvetkovski, R. and A. Hofmeister, 2014 An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR. Budapest: Central European University Press.
- Dobrusnikin, L. A., and F. I. Plenikin, 1942 Pokaz velikikh stroek kommunizma v kraevedcheskikh muzeiakh [The representation of the great construction sites of the communism in the kraevedcheskii museums], policy papers. State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) collection 10010, fund 4, document 462. Moscow.
- Donovan, V., 2015 “How Well Do You Know Your Krai? The Kraevedenie Revival and Patriotic Politics in Late Khrushchev-Era Russia.” Slavic Review 74 (3): 464–483.
- Efimov, A. V., 1949 Iz istorii velikikh russkikh geograficheskikh otkrytii [From the history of the great russian geogprahical discoveries]. Moscow: Nauka.
- Evtuhov, C., 2012 “Voices from the Region: Kraevedenie Meets Grand Narrative.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 13 (4): 877–887.
- Gavrilova, S., 2021 “Regional Memories of the Great Terror: Representation of the Gulag in Russian Kraevedcheskii Museums.” Problems of Post-Communism. .
- Hirsch, F., 2000 “Towards an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of Soviet National Identities.” The Russian Review 59 (2): 201–226.
- Hirsch, F., 2005 Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. London: Ithaca.
- Holzlehner, T., 2011 “Engineering Socialism: A History of Village Relocations in Chukotka, Russia.” In Engineering Earth, edited by S. D. Brunn, 1957–1973. Dordrecht: Springer.
- Krupnik, I., and M. Chlenov, 2007 “The End of ‘Eskimo land’: Yupik Relocation in Chukotka, 1958–1959.” Études InuitStudies 31 (1/2): 59–81.
- Levin, M. T., 1948 Etnografiia v kraevedcheskikh muzeiakh [Etnography in the regional museums], policy papers, State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) collection 10010, fund 4, document 345. Moscow.
- Loskutova, M., 2009 “Uezdnoe uchenye: samoorganizatsiia s nauchnoi obshchestvennostiu v rossiiskoi provintsii vo vtoroi polovine XIX—pervoi treti XX vv [Regional scientists: Self-organisation of the scientific communities in the Russian provinces in the second part of the XIXth—first part of the XXth centuries].” Ab Imperio (3/2009): 119–169.
- Loskutova, M., 2011 “Nauka oblastnogo masshtaba: ideia estestvennykh raionov v russkoi geografii i istoki kraevedcheskogo dvizheniia 1920-kh godov [The science of the regional scale: The idea of the natural regions in Russian geography and the begining of the kraevedenie].” Ab Imperio (2/2011): 83–121.
- Melnikova, E., 2012 “Sblizhalis’ narody kraia, predstavitelem kotorogo iavliaius’ ia: kraevedcheskoe dvizhenie 1920-1930 i Sovetskaia natsional’naia politika [Getting closer to the people of the region, which I represent: The kraevedenie movement in the 1920-1930s and Soviet nationalist politics].” Ab Imperio (1/2012): 209–240.
- Nuvuӄaӄ ynkam nuvuӄahmit [Naukan and the Naukans: Stories of Naukan Eskimos], 2014 Edited by V. Leonova. Chukotka Autonomous District, Inuit Circumpolar Council of Chukotka Public Organization. Vladivostok: Dalpress.
- Pimenova, K. V., 2019 “Sakralʹnye predmety i transformacii muzeinoi etiki: istoki, problemy, resheniia.[Sacred objects and the transformations of museum ethics: Origins, problems, and solutions].” Novye issledovaniia Tuvy 2: 115–127.
- Romanova, I. I., 2005 Osnovnye etapy razvitiia muzeinogo dela i sozdaniia etnograficheskikh kollektsii na Chukotke [Main stages in the development of museum work and the creation of ethnographic collections in Chukotka]. Saint Petersburg: MAE (Kunstkamera).
- Slezkine, Y., 1991 “The Fall of Soviet Ethnography, 1928-38.” Current Anthropology 32 (4): 476–484.
- Slezkine, Y., 1994 Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press.
- Smith-Peter, S., 2004 “How to Write a Region: Local and Regional Historiography.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History New Series 5 (3): 527–542.
- Takoeva, N. F., 1949 Pokaz etnograficheskikh materialov v kraevedcheskom muzee, [The representations of the ethnographical objects in the regional musems]. State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) collection 10010, fund 4, document 396. Moscow.
- Thompson, N., 2002 “Administrative Resettlement and the Pursuit of Economy: The Case of Chukotka.” Polar Geography 26 (4): 270–288.
- Tserkovnikova, E. A., 2020 “Vzaimodeistvie muzeia i mestnogo soobshchestva na Chukotke v 1930-1950-e gg [The interactions between the museum and the museum community in Chukotka in the 1930s-1950s].” Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 450: 185–190.
10.7202/019715ar