Résumés
Abstract
Tattooing was a widespread cultural practice amongst Inuit women for millennia before the first Europeans arrived in the Arctic. However, by the nineteenth century, colonial, imperial, and missionary mechanisms led to the decline of many pre-contact Inuit belief systems and practices, including tattooing. Although tattooing had begun to disappear from Inuit bodies by the late nineteenth century, it did not vanish altogether. Beginning in the early twentieth century, a number of Inuit, aided by newly introduced Western materials, transferred their knowledge of tattooing from skin to paper to create pictorial records of the pre-contact custom. This article begins by establishing an early precedent for post-contact Inuit drawing through the examination of work depicting tattooing collected by Reverend Edmund James Peck and Diamond Jenness. It then moves on to consider a group of twelve drawings collected by Danish-Inuk explorer and anthropologist Knud Rasmussen during the Fifth Thule Expedition. These drawings occupy a precarious place alongside other types of Inuit visual culture as they were originally collected as ethnographic artifacts, thus denying their aesthetic importance and interior Inuit cultural value. When reconsidered, these early drawings demonstrate the Inuit ability to appropriate Western materials as a form of both cultural endurance and record. Consequently, I argue that such drawings allowed tattooing to persist, albeit pictorially, despite the overall decline of the practice in its bodily form.
Keywords:
- Tattooing,
- drawing,
- continuity,
- cross-cultural contact,
- visual culture,
- Knud Rasmussen,
- Arnarulúnguaq
Résumé
Le tatouage a été, durant des millénaires, une pratique culturelle très répandue chez les femmes inuit avant l’arrivée des premiers Européens dans l’Arctique. Cependant, au XIXe siècle, des mécanismes coloniaux, impériaux et missionnaires ont provoqué le déclin de nombreux systèmes de croyances et de pratiques inuit antérieures au contact, y compris le tatouage. Bien que ce dernier ait commencé à s’effacer des corps des Inuit à la fin du XIXe siècle, il n’a pas totalement disparu. À partir du début du XXe siècle, un certain nombre d’Inuit, aidés en cela par des matériaux occidentaux nouvellement introduits, ont transféré leur connaissance du tatouage de la peau au papier afin de créer des témoignages picturaux des coutumes ayant précédé le contact. Cet article commence par établir un précédent antérieur aux dessins post-contact chez les Inuit en examinant des travaux qui décrivent des tatouages recueillis par le révérend Edmund James Peck et par Diamond Jenness. Il considère ensuite un ensemble de douze dessins collectés par l’explorateur et anthropologue dano-inuk Knud Rasmussen durant la cinquième expédition de Thulé. Ces dessins occupent une place incertaine à côté d’autres types de culture visuelle inuit, car ils ont été à l’origine recueillis en tant qu’artefacts ethnographiques, ce qui leur retire, par conséquent, leur importance esthétique à l’intérieur des valeurs culturelles inuit. Lorsqu’on les reconsidère, ces dessins anciens témoignent de l’aptitude des Inuit à s’approprier des matériaux occidentaux en tant que forme, à la fois, de longévité culturelle et d’archives. Nous avançons ici que de tels dessins ont permis au tatouage de perdurer, quoique sous forme picturale, malgré le déclin général de cette pratique sous sa forme corporelle.
Mots-clés:
- tatouages,
- dessin,
- continuité,
- contact multiculturel,
- culture visuelle,
- Knud Rasmussen,
- Arnarulúnguaq
Parties annexes
Parties annexes
Archival Source
- KALVAK, Helen, 1992 “Kalvak Interview: Drawing #124.” N-1992-091, colour drawings 118–128, box 1, folder 7. NWT Archives, Yellowknife.
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