Résumés
Abstract
From the 16th to 18th centuries, Labrador Inuit seem to have valued softwoods (from coniferous tree boles) for the manufacture of arrows and darts used in hunting and warfare. Microscopic examination of Inuit arrow shafts from the Twin Island 3 site (EkBc-07) in Red Bay shows that balsam fir (Abies balsamea) was the preferred species for these purposes in the 16th century. Balsam fir is found in abundance in the inner bays of southern Labrador and was easily accessible to Inuit. However, archival sources indicate that by the 18th century Labrador Inuit desired another species of softwood for arrow and dart shafts, one that grew only on the island of Newfoundland. I propose that the sought-after species was one, or both, of the two pine species growing in central Newfoundland (Pinus strobus or Pinus resinosa). Procurement of pine wood from Newfoundland would add another dimension to the established mobility and trading patterns of Inuit in southern Labrador. Conflicts with Europeans during the 16th through 18th centuries in the Strait of Belle Isle and the Petit Nord (on Newfoundland’s Great Northern Peninsula) may, in part, have been a result of the disruption in these travel and harvesting patterns. I suggest that iron products and wooden shallops (boats) from southern Labrador and northern Newfoundland were not the only “southern” commodities actively sought by Inuit during the early stages of European occupation; central Newfoundland’s pine wood was also important for manufacture of arrow shafts.
Résumé
Du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, il semble que les Inuit du Labrador aient prisé les bois tendres des troncs de conifères pour fabriquer les flèches de différentes tailles qu’ils utilisaient à la chasse et à la guerre. L’examen au microscope des hampes de flèches inuit du site Twin Island 3 (EkBc-07) de Red Bay montre que l’espèce de prédilection pour cette fonction, au XVIe siècle, était le sapin baumier, Abies balsamea. Le sapin baumier pousse en abondance dans les baies très échancrées du Labrador méridional et les Inuit pouvaient facilement s’en procurer. Cependant, des sources d’archives mentionnent qu’au XVIIIe siècle, les Inuit du Labrador désiraient d’autres espèces de bois tendres pour leurs flèches, bois qui ne poussaient que sur l’île de Terre-Neuve. J’émets l’hypothèse que les espèces recherchées étaient l’une ou l’autre des deux espèces de pins qui poussent au centre de Terre-Neuve (Pinus strobus ou Pinus resinosa), voire les deux. Le fait qu’ils se soient procurés du bois de pin à Terre-Neuve ajoute une nouvelle dimension à la mobilité et aux schémas commerciaux des Inuit dans le Labrador méridional. Les conflits avec les Européens au cours du XVIe siècle et jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle dans le détroit de Belle-Isle et le Petit-Nord (dans la Grande Péninsule du Nord de Terre-Neuve) pourraient en partie avoir résulté d’une perturbation de ces schémas de déplacement et de récolte. Je suggère que les objets en fer et les chaloupes en bois du sud du Labrador et du nord de Terre-Neuve n’étaient pas les seules marchandises «méridionales» que cherchaient à se procurer les Inuit durant les premiers stades de l’occupation européenne; le bois de pin du centre de Terre-Neuve était également important pour la fabrication des hampes de flèches.
Parties annexes
Archival sources
- CROFTON, Ambrose, 1798 Report on a Cruise around Newfoundland and along Labrador, UK National Archives, Colonial Office 194 Series, vol. 40: 17-34, microfilm on file, Corner Brook, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Grenfell Campus, Ferriss Hodgett Library.
- DRACHARDT, Christen Larsen, 1770 To Bruder Joseph [August Gottlieb] Spangenberg, Chateau Bay, 20 September 1770, R.15.K.a.5.6, Herrnhut, Unity Archives.
- IRVING, Joseph, 1772 Masters Logs, Public Record Office, Admiralty Series 52, folio 1387, HMS Otter Master’s Logs 1768-1773, Log Book no. 9, Kew, UK National Archives.
- PALLISER, Sir Hugh, 1765 Series of documents relating to the Labrador Coast, UK National Archives, Colonial Office 194 Series, vol. 16: 225-245, microfilm on file, Corner Brook, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Grenfell Campus, Ferriss Hodgett Library.
- REYNOLDS, R.C., 1786 Account of the French Fisheries for 1786, UK National Archives, Colonial Office 194 Series, vol. 21: 39, microfilm on file, Corner Brook, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Grenfell Campus, Ferriss Hodgett Library.
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