Résumés
Abstract
Early Euro-Inuit contacts in Atlantic Canada raise a complex issue in the ethnohistory of resource exploitation. In the 16th century, Breton, Norman, and Basque crews developed a seasonal salt-cod fishery on the coasts of northern Newfoundland and southern Labrador, in about the same period that the Inuit moved southwards along the Labrador coast. The Basques also exploited the Strait of Belle Isle, between Newfoundland and Labrador, for shore-based whaling. Sometime before 1620, Europeans then appear to have withdrawn from Labrador until about 1680, when Canadian merchants based in Quebec began to exploit the Strait for salmon and seals, while French migratory crews edged northwards again from Newfoundland. European withdrawal from Labrador largely coincided with a long-running guerrilla war, waged by the Inuit against Breton and Basque fishermen exploiting Newfoundland’s Great Northern Peninsula. The chronological coincidence suggests that the movement of Inuit into southern Labrador by the end of the 16th century may well have motivated Europeans to avoid this coast through much of the 17th century. French attitudes to the Labrador Inuit can be contextualized by comparison with contemporary understandings of Euro-Inuit relations elsewhere. Inuit attitudes to Europeans are harder to assess but recognition of their struggle for access to resources is a step towards an appreciation of historical Inuit agency.
Résumé
Sur la côte atlantique du Canada, les premiers contacts entre Européens et Inuit soulèvent un problème complexe de l’ethnohistoire de l’exploitation des ressources. Au XVIe siècle, les équipages bretons, normands et basques ont développé une industrie saisonnière de pêche et de salaison de la morue sur les côtes du nord de Terre-Neuve et du sud du Labrador, autour de la même période où les Inuit se déplaçaient vers le sud, le long de la côte du Labrador. Les Basques exploitaient également le détroit de Belle Isle, entre Terre-Neuve et le Labrador, pour chasser la baleine à partir du rivage. À un certain moment, avant 1620, les Européens paraissent s’être retirés du Labrador jusque vers 1680, époque où les marchands canadiens de Québec ont commencé à exploiter les saumons et les phoques du détroit, tandis que les équipages saisonniers français effectuaient à nouveau des poussées vers le nord à partir de Terre-Neuve. Le retrait des Européens du Labrador coïncide dans une large mesure avec une longue guérilla menée par les Inuit contre les pêcheurs bretons et basques qui exploitaient la Grande Péninsule du Nord de Terre-Neuve. La coïncidence chronologique laisse penser que le déplacement des Inuit vers le sud du Labrador à la fin du XVIe siècle pourrait bien avoir incité les Européens à éviter cette côte durant la plus grande partie du XVIIe siècle. On peut contextualiser les attitudes des Français envers les Inuit du Labrador en les comparant avec des façons contemporaines d’envisager les relations entre Européens et Inuit dans d’autres lieux. Il est plus difficile de cerner les attitudes des Inuit envers les Européens, mais le fait d’admettre qu’ils luttaient pour avoir accès aux ressources constitue une avancée pour reconnaître l’agir des Inuit dans l’histoire.
Parties annexes
Archival sources
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