Résumés
Abstract
This article interrogates discourse about Inuit in relation to employment issues and the Inuit response to “what was good for them” at the intersection of colonial and postcolonial thought in the 1970s. Attempts to integrate Inuit with a modern industrial economy occurred after Inuit had moved, or been moved, from land-based hunting and trapping camps to new settlements developing in the eastern Arctic. We examine the planning stage (1970-1976) of the Nanisivik mine at Strathcona Sound on the northern tip of Baffin Island that operated from 1976 until 2002. Building on the work of James O’Connor in the early 1970s and concepts of legitimisation and accumulation functions of the State, and using the archival records of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources, we explore the extent to which Inuit were constructed as “labour in need of employment.” In examining debate between officials of these departments, we seek to find out to what extent other needs went unmet, based on experience with the Rankin Inlet Nickel Mine (1957-1962). Inuit resistance to this definition and the relationship between Inuit as hunters and Inuit as wage earners are explored with reference to contemporary mining development in Nunavut.
Résumé
Cet article scrute le discours sur les Inuit en ce qui concerne les questions d’emploi et leur réponse à «ce qui était bon pour eux» à l’intersection de la pensée coloniale et postcoloniale des années 1970. Les tentatives visant à intégrer les Inuit à une économie industrielle moderne ont eu lieu juste après que ceux-ci aient abandonné leur mode d’existence basé sur la chasse et le piégeage pour s’établir dans de nouvelles communautés en développement dans l’Arctique de l’Est. Nous examinons la phase de planification (1970-1976) de la mine Nanisivik à Strathcona Sound, sur la pointe nord de la Terre de Baffin. La mine a été en opération de 1976 à 2002. En nous appuyant sur les travaux de James O’Connor dans les années 1970 et sur les concepts de légitimation et de fonctions d’accumulation de l’État, tout en utilisant les documents d’archives du ministère des Affaires indiennes et du Développement du Nord, et celui de l’Énergie, des Mines et des Ressources, nous explorons de quelle manière les Inuit ont été définis comme des «travailleurs en besoin d’emploi». En examinant le débat entre les responsables de ces départements, nous cherchons à savoir dans quelle mesure d’autres besoins, basés sur l’expérience de la mine de nickel de Rankin Inlet (1957-1962), sont restés insatisfaits. La résistance des Inuit à être définis comme une main-d’oeuvre et la relation entre les Inuit en tant que chasseurs et employés salariés sont explorées en référence à l’exploitation minière contemporaine au Nunavut.
Parties annexes
Archival sources
- Note: LAC = Library and Archives of Canada
- AGAR, C. Frank, 1977 Nanisivik – An Arctic Mining Venture, presented at Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Conference, Ottawa, 17-20 April 1977, LAC, RG 21, Vol. 8, File 1.50.15.3.
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- CHRÉTIEN, Jean, 1974b Speech Notes for the Honourable Jean Chrétien, Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs at the Signing of the Nanisivik Mines Ltd. Agreement, Frobisher Bay, NWT, June 18, 1974, LAC, RG 21, Vol. 5, File 1.50.15.3.
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- EMR (DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, MINES, AND RESOURCES), 1974 Strathcona Sound Project, LAC, RG 21, Vol. 5, File 1.50.15.3.
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- GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, 1973b 2nd Interdepartmental Strathcona Sound Meeting, 3:15 PM, December 21, 1973, LAC, RG 21, Vol. 2, File 1.50.15.3.
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- MILLICAN, A.M., 1962 MEMORANDUM FOR ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ARCTIC, Visit to Rankin Inlet of Department of Health and Welfare, October 3, LAC, RG 85, Vol. 1448, File 1000/184, pt. 8.
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- VERITY, T.W., 1974 Memorandum, Re: Strathcona Sound Project: 3rd Interdepartmental Meeting, April 29, 1974. LAC. RG 21, Vol. 4, File 1.50.15.3.
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