Résumés
Abstract
Access to and control over data and products of research originating from, or about, Aboriginal peoples in Canada arises in multiple legal, ethical, and political contexts. This article addresses three areas frequently implicated in Canada: intellectual property, access to information, and tribunal law and policy. A review of each area demonstrates that effective responses to concerns of Aboriginal peoples in Canada require examination of a wide range of laws implicating Inuit, First Nation, and Métis intangible and tangible cultural heritage. It also underscores the present importance of contracted confidentiality and negotiated ethical and policy frameworks to secure more meaningful control over information.
Résumé
De multiples cadres juridiques, éthiques et politiques bornent l’accès aux données et aux produits de la recherche effectuée par ou au sujet des peuples autochtones du Canada et leur contrôle. Cet article se penche sur trois domaines fréquemment sollicités au Canada: la propriété intellectuelle, l’accès à l’information et les lois et politiques juridiques. Une revue de chacun de ces domaines démontre que pour répondre effectivement aux préoccupations des peuples autochtones du Canada, il est nécessaire d’examiner un grand éventail de lois relatives au patrimoine culturel matériel et immatériel des Inuit, des Premières nations et des Métis. On y souligne également l’importance actuelle des contrats de confidentialité et de la négociation de cadres éthiques et politiques afin de répondre plus significativement au contrôle de l’information.
Parties annexes
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Access to Information Act, RSC 1985, c. A-1 [CAIA].
- Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNWT 1994, c. 20 [NWT ATIPP].
- Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Nunavut), SNWT 1994, c. 20.
- Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSY 2002, c. 1 [Yukon ATIPP].
- Administrative Procedures and Jurisdiction Act, RSA 2000, c. A-3.
- Administrative Tribunals Act, SBC 2004, c. 45.
- An Act respecting access to documents held by public bodies and the protection of personal information, RSQ c. A-2.1 [Quebec AAD].
- The Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11
- [Constitution Act, 1982].
- Copyright Act, RSA 1985, c. C-42.
- Indian Act, RSC 1985, c. I-5.
- Library and Archives of Canada Act, SC 2004, c. 11.
- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 25 U.S.C. par sign 3001-3013 (West Supp. 2001) [NAGPRA].
- Northwest Territories Archaeological Sites Regulation, SOR/2001-219.
- Privacy Act, RSC 1985, c. P-21 [federal Privacy Act].
- Scientists Act, RSNWT 1988, c. S-4.
- Scientists and Explorers Act, RSY 2002, c. 200.
- Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act, SC 2003, c. 7 [YESEAA].
- Application to Proceed in Camera, Re, 2007 SCC 43.
- Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1999] 2 SCR 817.
- Bulun Bulun c R & T Textiles Pty Ltd. (1998),157 ALF 193 (F.C.Aust).
- Charkaoui v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 SCC 38, [2008] 2 SCR 326.
- Chilkat Indian Village v Johnson, 643 F. Supp. 535 (D. Alaska 1986), affd, 870 F2d 1469 (9th Cir. 1989).
- CRTC v London Cable TV Ltd., [1976] 2 FC 621.
- Demaria v Canada (Regional Classification Board) (1986), 21 Admin LR 227 (Fed CA).
- Foster v Mountford (1976), 29 FLR 233 (FCA).
- Knight v Indian head school division no. 19, [1990] 1 SCR 653.
- Lor-Al Springs Ltd. v Ponoka (County) Subdivision and Development Appeal Board, 2000 ABCA 299.
- Maislin Industries Ltd. v Canada (Minister for Industry, Trade & Commerce), [1984] 1 FC 939 (TD).
- May v Ferndale Institution, 2005 SCC 82, [2005] 3 SCR 809.
- Milipurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd. (1994), 54 FCR 240 (CA).
- Montana Band of Indians v Canada (Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development), [1989] 1 FC 143 (TD).
- R v Lefthand, 2007 ABCA 206, [2007] 4 CNLR 281.
- R v Sappier; R v Gray, 2006 SCC 54, [2006] 2 SCR 868.
- Sawridge Band v Canada (Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development), 2009 FCA 245.
- Seneca Nation of Indians v Hammond, 3 Thompson and Cook (NY Sup Ct) 347 (App Div 1874).
- Timiskaming Indian Band v Canada (1997), 132 FTR 106.
- Yumbulul v Reserve Bank of Australia (1991), 21 IPR 481.
- NISGA’A FINAL AGREEMENT, 1999 Nisga’a Final Agreement, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (online at: http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/al/ldc/ccl/fagr/nsga/nis/nis-eng.asp).
- NUNAVUT LAND CLAIMS AGREEMENT, 1993 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (online at: www.gov.nu.ca/hr/site/doc/nlca.pdf).
- YUKON EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OFFICE, 1997 Understanding the Yukon Umbrella Final Agreement (online at: http://www.eco.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Understanding_the_Yukon_UFA.pdf).
- ACUNS (ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES FOR NORTHERN STUDIES), 2003 Ethical Principles for Conduct of Research in the North (online at: http://acuns.ca/website/ethical-principles).
- Bannister, Kelly, 2008 Non-Legal Instruments for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage: Key Roles for Ethical Codes and Community Protocols, in Catherine Bell and K. Robert Paterson (eds), Protection of First Nation Cultural Heritage: Laws, Policy and Reform, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press: 278-308.
- BATTISTE, Marie and Sa’ke’j Youngblood Henderson, 2000 Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage, Saskatoon, Purich Publishing.
- BELL, Catherine, 2008 Restructuring the Relationship: Domestic Repatriation and Law Reform, in Catherine Bell and K. Robert Paterson (eds), Protection of First Nation Cultural Heritage: Laws, Policy and Reform, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press: 15-77.
- BELL, Catherine and Val Napoleon (eds), 2008 First Nations Cultural Heritage and Law: Case Studies, Voices and Perspectives, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press.
- BELL, Catherine and K. Robert PATERSON (eds), 2009 Protection of First Nation Cultural Heritage: Laws, Policy and Reform, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press.
- BELL, Catherine, Heather RAVEN and Heather McCUAIG, 2008 Recovery from Colonization: Perspectives of Community Members on Protection and Repatriation of Kwakwaka’wakw Cultural Heritage, in Catherine Bell and Val Napoleon (eds), First Nations Cultural Heritage and Law: Case Studies, Voices and Perspectives, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press: 33-91.
- BELL Catherine and Michael SOLOWAN, 2004 A Selected Review of Canadian Legislation Affecting First Nation Cultural Heritage (online at: http:www.law.ualberta.ca/research/aboriginalcultural heritage).
- BIRD, Phillip, 2002 Inuit Women’s Traditional Knowledge Workshop on the Amauti and Intellectual Property Rights, Final Report, Ottawa, Pauktuutit Inuit Women’s Association.
- BRASCOUPÉ, Simon, 2001 A Community Guide to Protecting Indigenous Knowledge, Ottawa, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Research and Analysis Directorate.
- CIHR, NSERC and SSHRC (CANADIAN INSTITUTES OF HEALTH RESEARCH, NATURAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA and SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA)., 2010 Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct For Research Involving Humans, December 2010.
- CMC (CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION), 2001 Canadian Museum of Civilization Repatriation Policy (online at: http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/about-the-corporation/repatriation-policy).
- CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (online at: http://www.cbd.int/convention/text/).
- COOMBE, J. Rosemary, 2008 First Nations Intangible Heritage Concerns: Prospects for Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions in International Law, in Catherine Bell and K. Robert Paterson (eds), Protection of First nation Cultural Heritage: Laws, Policy and Reform, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press: 247-277.
- DCH (DEPARTMENT OF CANADIAN HERITAGE), 2008 Traditions National Gatherings on Indigenous Knowledge Final Report, Government of Canada, Department of Canadian Heritage (online at: http://www2.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/org/sectr/cp-ch/aa/trd-eng.pdf).
- GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, 2006 Strengthening the Access to Information Act: A Discussion of Ideas Intrinsic to the Reform of the Access to Information Act, 4.1(d) (online at: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/dept-min/pub/atia-lai/p5.html).
- GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, 2010 Canada’s Statement of Support on The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (online at: http: www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ap/ia/dcl/stmt-eng.asp).
- HOWELL, Robert and Roch RIPLEY, 2008 The Interconnection of Intellectual Property and Cultural Property, in Catherine Bell and K. Robert Paterson (eds), Protection of First nation Cultural Heritage: Laws, Policy and Reform, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press: 223-246.
- KATON, Kim, 2002 Understanding the barriers: Indigenous people and records, paper presented at the Australian Society of Archivists Conference Past caring?: What does society expect of archivists?, Sydney, 13-17 August 2002, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (online at: http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/fhu/barriers.html).
- LOUKIDELIS, David, 2009 Balancing Privacy and Openness: Internet Publication of Tribunal Decisions, Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner for British Columbia, September 22, 2009 (online at: http://www.oipc.bc.ca/).
- MOA (MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA), 2010 Reciprocal Research Network. Overview (online at: http://www.moa.ubc.ca/RRN/about_overview.html).
- NOBLE, Brian, 2007 Justice, Transaction, Translation: Blackfoot Tipi Transfers and WIPO’s Search for the Facts of Traditional Knowledge Exchange, American Anthropologist, 109(2): 338-349.
- RCAP (ROYAL COMMISSION ON ABORIGINAL PEOPLES), 1996 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Gathering Strength, volumes 3 and 4, Ottawa, Supply and Services Canada.
- SCAFALDI, Susan, 2005 Who Owns Culture: Authenticity and Appropriation in American Law, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press
- SLATTERY, Brian, 2007 The Generative Structure of Aboriginal Rights, Supreme Court Law Review, 2d., 38: 595-628.
- THOM, Brian and Don BAIN, 2004 Aboriginal Intangible Property in Canada: An Ethnographic Review, Ottawa, report submitted to Industry Canada, Marketplace Framework Policy Branch (online at: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ippd-dppi.nsf/vwapj/Thom_Final_Report_e_proofed_28feb05.pdf/FILE/ Thom_Final_Report_e_proofed_28feb05.pdf).
- U’MISTA CULTURAL SOCIETY , 1999 Annual Report, U’mista Cultural Society.
- UNITED NATIONS, 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (online at: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf).
- WIPO (WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION), 2001 Intellectual Property Needs and Expectations of Traditional Knowledge Holders: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Report on Fact Finding Missions on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge (1998-1999), Geneva, WIPO (online at: http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/tk/ffm/report/index.html).
- YOUNG-ING, Greg, 2005 Indigenous Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights in Context, in Discussion Papers forTraditions: National Gatherings on Indigenous Knowledge, Ottawa, Government of Canada, Department of Canadian Heritage: 59-66.
- YUKON EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OFFICE, 1997 Understanding the Yukon Umbrella Final Agreement (online at: http://www.eco.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Understanding_the_Yukon_UFA.pdf).