Résumés
Abstract
This article offers a methodological approach to study hearth features in general. The hearths of the Palaeo-Eskimo tradition are often well preserved, which makes it possible to interpret which heating processes took place, and their effects on the indoor climate of the dwelling. To obtain this type of information, recording of fire-cracked rocks within and in connection to hearths is of special importance. The Palaeo-Eskimos made use of a versatile pyro-technology, adjustable to the most extreme conditions in areas where access to firewood was limited. An archaeological experiment in combination with calculations of hypothetical combustion of fat shows that it was possible for the Independence I people to live through the High Arctic winter in tents with a reasonable degree of comfort. Also, the symbolic aspects of hearths are discussed.
Résumé
Le présent article propose une approche méthodologique concernant l'étude des foyers en général. Les foyers de la tradition paléoesquimaude sont souvent assez bien conservés, ce qui permet d'interpréter les processus de combustion utilisés et comment ces derniers affectaient le climat à l'intérieur de l'habitation. Pour obtenir ces informations, il est important de recueillir des données concernant les pierres fracturées par le feu. Les Paléoesquimaux utilisaient une pyro-technologie versatile, s'ajustant aux conditions les plus extrêmes dans des régions où l'accès au bois de chauffage était limité. Une reconstitution expérimentale combinée à des calculs de la combustion hypothétique des matières grasses démontre qu'il était possible pour les Indépendanciens I de l'Arctique septentrional de passer confortablement l'hiver dans des tentes. Enfin, les aspects symboliques des foyers sont abordés dans le texte.
Parties annexes
References
- ANISIMOV, A. F., 1963 The Shaman's Tent of the Evenks and the Origin of the Shamanistic Rite, in Henry N. Michael (ed.), Studies in Siberian Shamanism, Toronto, University of Toronto Press for the Arctic Institute of North America, Anthropology of the North (Translations from Russian Sources), 4: 84-123.
- BATDORF, Carol, 1990 Northwest Native Harvest, Vancouver, Hancock House.
- BAUNE, Sophie A. De, 1987 Paleolithic lamps and their specialization: A hypothesis, Current Anthropology, 28(4): 569-577.
- BRINK, Jack and Bob DAWE, 1989 Final Report of the 1985 and 1986 field seasons at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Alberta, Edmonton, Archaeological survey of Alberta, Manuscript Series, 16.
- BRINK, Jack and Bob DAWE, 2003 Hot Rocks as Scarce Resources: The Use, Re-Use and Abandonment of Heating Stones at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Plains Anthropologist, 48(186): 85-104.
- BRINK, Jack, Milt WRIGHT, Bob DAWE and Doug GLAUM, 1986 Final Report of the 1984 Season at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Alberta, Edmonton, Archaeological survey of Alberta, Manuscript Series, 9.
- BROADBENT, Noel, 1979 Coastal Resources and Settlement Stability. A Critical Study of a Mesolithic Site Complex in Northern Sweden, Uppsala, Aun, 3.
- BUCKLEY, Victor M., 1990 Experiments using a reconstructed fulacht with a variety of rock types: implications for the petromorphology of fulachta fiadh, in Victor Buckley (ed.), Burnt Offerings. International Contributions to Burnt Mound Archaeology, Dublin, Wordwell: 170-172.
- COUDRET, Paule, Marylène LARRIERE and Boris VALENTIN, 1989 Comparer des foyers: une entreprise difficile, in Monique Olive and Yvette Taborin (eds), Nature et fonction des foyers préhistoriques, Nemours, Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire d'Ile de France, 2: 37-46.
- DRIVER, Harold E. and William C. MASSEY, 1957 Comparative studies of North American Indians, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 47(2).
- FAEGRE, Torvald, 1979 Tents: Architecture of the nomads, London, Murray.
- FORTESCUE, Michael, 1998 Language relations across Bering Strait, London, Cassell.
- GRØNNOW, Bjarne, 1994 Qeqertasussuk – The Archaeology of a Frozen Saqqaq Site in Disko Bugt, West Greenland, in David Morrison and Jean-Luc Pilon (eds), Threads of Arctic Prehistory: Papers in honour of William E. Taylor, Jr., Hull, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Mercury Series, 149: 197-238.
- GRØNNOW, Bjarne, 1996 Driftwood and Saqqaq Culture Woodworking in West Greenland, in Cultural and Social Research in Greenland 95/96. Essays in Honour of Robert Petersen, Nuuk, Ilisimatusarfik/Atuakkiorfik: 73-89.
- GRØNNOW, Bjarne, 1999 Qallunatalik/Polaris site, in M. Appelt and H.C. Gulløv (eds), Late Dorset in High Arctic Greenland. Final report on the Gateway to Greenland Project, Copenhagen, Danish Polar Center, Danish Polar Center Publication, 7: 42-62.
- GRØNNOW, Bjarne and Jens Fog JENSEN, 2003 The Northernmost Ruins of the Globe, Eigil Knuth's Archaeological Investigations in Peary Land and Adjacent Areas of High Arctic Greenland, Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society, 29.
- GRØNNOW, Bjarne and Morten MELDGAARD, 1991 De første Vestgrønlaendere. Resultaterne af 8 års undersøgelser på Qeqqertasussuk-bopladsen i Disko Bugt, Tidsskriftet Grønland, 1991(4-7): 103-144.
- GULLØV, Hans Christian and Martin Appelt, 2001 Social bonding and shamanism among Late Dorset groups in High Arctic Greenland, in Neil Price (ed.), The Archaeology of Shamanism, London, Routledge: 146-162.
- JENSEN, Jens Fog, 1998 Dorset dwellings in West Greenland, Acta Borealia, 15(2): 59-80.
- KNUTH, Eigil, 1967 The Ruins of the Musk Ox Way, Folk, 8-9: 191-219.
- LARSEN, Helge, 1956 Paleo-eskimo in Disko Bay, West Greenland, in Men and Cultures. Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Press: 574-579.
- LAUBIN, Reginald and Gladys LAUBIN, 1989 The Indian Tipi. Its history, construction and use, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.
- MARKSTRÖM, Magnus, 1996 Skärvsten – vad är det? En experimentell studie, CD, Umeå, Umeå Universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi.
- MAXWELL, Moreau S., 1985 Prehistory of Eastern Arctic, New York, Academic Press.
- McGHEE, Robert, 1979 The Palaeoeskimo occupations at Port Refuge, High Arctic Canada, Ottawa, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Mercury Series, 92.
- McGHEE, Robert, 1996 Ancient People of the Arctic, Hull, Canadian Museum of Civilization.
- MULK, Inga-Maria, 1995 Sirkas – et samiskt fångstsamhälle i förandring Kr.f. – 1600 e.Kr, Umeå, Umeå Universitet, Studia Archaeologica Universitatis Umensis, 6.
- MØBJERG, Tinna, 1999 New adaptation strategies for the Saqqaq culture, West Greenland, World Archaeology, 30(3): 452-465.
- MØBJERG, Tinna and Ulla ODGAARD, 1999 Ild og ånd i en verden af sne og is. Hvem var palaeoeskimoerne?, in Ole Høiris et al. (eds), Menneskelivets mangfoldighed, Arkaeologisk og antropologisk forskning på Moesgård, Højbjerg, Moesgård: 335-342.
- ODGAARD, Ulla, 1995 Telte i arktiske miljøer: Rekonstruktioner og ideologi, M.A. thesis, Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Department of Archaeology and Ethnology.
- ODGAARD, Ulla, 1998 The Arctic Midpassage and its Religious aspects, in A. Anderson et al. (eds), The Kaleidoscopic Past, Göteborg, Göteborg University, Department of Archaeology, Gotarc Serie C, 16: 462-468.
- ODGAARD, Ulla, 2001a Palaeo-Eskimoic Shamanism, North Atlantic Studies, 4(1-2): 25-30.
- ODGAARD, Ulla, 2001b Ildstedet som livscentrum. Aspekter af arktiske ildsteders funktion og ideologi, Ph.D. dissertation, Aarhus, Aarhus University, Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, Medieval Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology.
- OLIVE, Monique and Yvette TABURIN (eds), 1989 Nature et fonction des foyers préhistoriques, Nemours, Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire d'Ile de France, 2.
- OLSEN, Bjørnar, 1998 Saqqaq housing and settlement in southern Disko Bay, West Greenland, Acta Borealia, 15(2): 81-128.
- PETERSEN, Erik Brinch, 1987 Excavation report 1987, unpublished report on file, Copenhagen, National Museum of Denmark.
- PLUMET, Patrick, 1989 Le foyer dans l'Arctique, in Monique Olive and Yvette Taborin (eds), Nature et fonction des foyers préhistoriques, Nemours, Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire d'Ile de France, 2: 313-326.
- RASMUSSEN, Marianne, 2001 Experiments in archaeology — A view from Lejre, an "old" experimental centre, Zeitschrift für Archaeologie und Kunstgeschichte, 58(1): 3-10.
- SCHLEDERMANN, Peter and Karen McCULLOUGH, 1988 Hearth of Darkness: Structural variability in ASTt dwellings in the Canadian High Arctic, Paper Presented at the 21st Chacmool Conference, Calgary.
- SCHLEDERMANN, Peter, 1990 Crossroads to Greenland, Calgary, Arctic Institute of North America, Komatik Series, 2.
- SOFFER, Olga, 1985 The Upper Paleolithic of the Central Russian Plain, Orlando, Academic Press.
- STEWART, Bill et al. , 1987 Improved wood, waste and charcoal burning stoves. A practitioners' manual, London, IT Publications.
- SUTHERLAND, Patricia D., 2001 Bear Imagery in Palaeo-Eskimo Art, North Atlantic Studies, 4(1-2): 13-16.
- TAYLOR, William E., 1968 The Arnapik and Tyara Sites, Salt Lake City, Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, 22.
- TILLEY, Christopher, 1994 A phenomenology of landscape. Places, paths and monuments, Oxford, Berg.
- VAJNSTEJN, S.I., 1978 The Erens in Tuva Shamanism, in V. Diószegi and M. Hoppal (eds), Shamanism in Siberia, Budapest, Akadémia Kiadó: 457-468.
- WANDSNIDER, LuAnn, 1997 The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 16: 1-48.