Résumés
Abstract
Focusing on the indigenous Bhil community in central India, this paper examines the role of British colonial policies in paving the way for ‘tribal identity’ formation and, how postcoloniality, or the postcolonial condition, is continuing to shape this identity. I interrogate the power of the colonial and contemporary government to categorize, and how such categories persist in the consciousness of the Indian government, mainstream communities, and more significantly, among indigenous communities themselves. Modernizing and developing the Bhil (among other indigenous communities) has been a national goal for the nation-state since independence. According to Indian development policies, building an agrarian community that is self-sufficient and empowered is in the best interest of the nation and its economic growth. I argue that far from portraying a unified national identity to demonstrate modernity and progress to the world, Indian policies have instead created politicized identities, which serve to perpetuate stereotypes and contain their subjects in exploitative cycles of debt, dependency, and development.
Résumé
En se concentrant sur la communauté indigène Bhil dans le centre de l’Inde, cet article examine le rôle des politiques coloniales britanniques dans la formation d’une « identité tribale », et comment la postcolonialité, ou la condition postcoloniale, continue de façonner cette identité. Cet article examine le pouvoir de catégoriser des gouvernements colonial et contemporain, et comment ces catégories persistent dans la conscience du gouvernement indien, des communautés dominantes et, le plus important, parmi les communautés autochtones elles-mêmes. La modernisation et le développement des Bhil (parmi d’autres communautés autochtones) ont été un objectif national pour l’État-nation depuis l’indépendance. Selon les politiques de développement indiennes, la construction d’une communauté agraire autosuffisante et autonome est dans le meilleur intérêt de la nation et de sa croissance économique. Je soutiens que loin de dépeindre une identité nationale unifiée pour montrer modernité et progrès au monde, les politiques indiennes ont plutôt créé des identités politisées, qui servent à perpétuer les stéréotypes et à contenir leurs sujets dans des cycles d’exploitation de la dette, de la dépendance et du développement.
Parties annexes
References
- Anthropological Survey of India. n.d. “People of India.” Accessed May 13, 2019. https://ansi.gov.in/people-of-india/.
- Bates, Crispin. 1995. “Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: The Early Origins of Indian Anthropometry.” In Peter Robb (ed.), The Concept of Race in South Asia: 219–259. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Baviskar, Amita. 1995. In the Belly of the River: Tribal Conflicts Over Development in the Narmada Valley. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Bose, N. K. 1941. “The Hindu Method of Tribal Absorption.” Science and Society 7: 188–194.
- Chatterjee, Partha. 1993. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Das, S. K. 2008. Watershed Development and Livelihoods: People’s Action in India. New Delhi: Routledge.
- Gupta, Akhil. 1995. “Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State.” American Ethnologist 22(2): 375–402.
- Hardiman, David. 1996. Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Jenkins, Laura Dudley. 2003. “Another ‘People of India’ Project: Colonial and National Anthropology.” The Journal of Asian Studies 62(4): 1143–1170.
- Ludden, David. 1992. “India’s Development Regime.” In Nicholas B. Dirks (ed.) Colonialism and Culture: 247–288. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- MacLeod, Catriona and Kevin Durrheim. 2002. “Racializing Teenage Pregnancy: ‘Culture’ and ‘Tradition’ in the South African Scientific Literature.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 25(5): 778–801.
- Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India. n.d. “Definition of Scheduled Tribes.” On line: http://tribal.nic.in/Content/DefinitionpRrofiles.aspx. Accessed October 27, 2016.
- Mosse, David. 2005. Cultivating Development: An Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice. Anthropology, Culture, and Society. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
- Mosse, David, Sanjeev Gupta, Mona Mehta, Vidya Shah, Julia Rees, and KRIBP Project Team. 2002. “Brokered Livelihoods: Debt, Labour Migration and Development in Tribal Western India.” The Journal of Development Studies 38 (5): 59–88.
- National Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. n.d. “About Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA): National Health Mission.” On line: https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=150&lid=226. Accessed August 15, 2021.
- Nilsen, Alf Gunvald. 2015. “Subalterns and the State in the Longue Durée: Notes from ‘The Rebellious Century’ in the Bhil Heartland.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 45(4): 574–595.
- Prasad, A. K. 1991. The Bhils of Khandesh: Under the British East India Company, 1818-1858. New Delhi: Konark Publishers.
- Risley, Herbert. 1915. The People of India. 2nd edition. Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink and Co.
- Roy Burman, B. K. 1970. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profiles of the Hill Areas of North-East India. Delhi: Government of India, Census Division.
- Saethre, Eirik. 2013. Illness Is a Weapon: Indigenous Identity and Enduring Afflictions. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
- Sen, Asoka Kumar. 2018. Indigeneity, Landscape and History: Adivasi Self Fashioning in India. London: Routledge.
- Singh, K. S. 1998. India’s Communities. Vols. 4–6 of People of India: National Series. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India and New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Singh, K. S. 2002. Introduction. Vol. 1 of People of India: National Series. Revised edition. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India and New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Skaria, Ajay. 1997. “Shades of Wildness: Tribe, Caste, and Gender in Western India.” The Journal of Asian Studies 56(3): 726–745.
- Srivastava, Vinay Kumar. 2008. “Concept of ‘Tribe’ in the Draft National Tribal Policy.” Economic and Political Weekly 43(50): 29–35.
- Vaidya, Ashish A. 2018. “Shadows of Colonialism: Structural Violence, Development and Adivasi Rights in Post-Colonial Madhya Pradesh.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 41(2): 315–330.
- Vidyarthi, L. P. and B. K. Rai. 1977. The Tribal Culture of India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
- Washbrook, David. 1990. “South Asia, the World System, and World Capitalism.” The Journal of Asian Studies 49(3): 479–508.
- Wolf, Richard K. and Frank Heidemann. 2014. “Indigeneity, Performance, and the State in South Asia and Beyond.” Asian Ethnology 73(1/2) Special Issue: The Bison and the Horn: Indigeneity, Performance, and Sate of India): 1–18.
- Xaxa, Virginius. 1999. “Transformation of Tribes in India: Terms of Discourse.” Economic and Political Weekly 34(24): 1519–1524.
- Xaxa, Virginius. 2004. “Women and Gender in the Study of Tribes in India.” Indian Journal of Gender Studies 11(3): 345–367.