Résumés
Abstract
This article is the result of an investigation about an unrecorded archaeological find in Cap St-Louis (New Brunswick) in 1940. The find was a Copper Kettle Burial as it was practiced by the Mi’gmaq during the 16th and 17th century. No proper recording or conservation efforts had been deployed then since the Copper Kettle Burial was not well known at the time. Most of the funerary objects have been lost or given as mementos to family or friends of finder. The site has been eroded since 1940 but this investigation permitted Parks Canada to assign it a provenience number and ensure proper protection in the future for the site in case other burials appears at this location. Some objects are located at the Musée Acadien de l’Université de Moncton. In the spirit of reconciliation, the university will give back these funerary objects to the Mi’gmaq of New Brunswick.
Résumé
Cet article est le résultat d’une enquête sur une découverte archéologique non enregistrée au Cap St-Louis (Nouveau-Brunswick) en 1940. Il s’agissait d’une sépulture à la bouilloire de cuivre telle qu’elle était pratiquée par les Mi’gmaq au cours des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Aucun effort d’enregistrement ou de conservation n’avait été déployé à ce moment-là, car l’enterrement de la bouilloire de cuivre n’était pas un phénomène bien connu à l’époque. La plupart des objets funéraires ont été perdus ou donnés en souvenir à la famille ou aux amis du découvreur. Le site est érodé depuis 1940 mais cette enquête a permis à Parcs Canada de lui attribuer un numéro de provenance et d’assurer une protection adéquate à l’avenir pour le site au cas où d’autres sépultures se produiraient à cet endroit. Certains objets se trouvent au Musée acadien de l’Université de Moncton. Dans un esprit de réconciliation, l’université remettra ces objets funéraires aux Mi’gmaq du Nouveau-Brunswick.
Parties annexes
References
- AFCEAAC. 1976. Archives de folklore du Centre d’études acadiennes Anselme-Chiasson, collection Catherine-Jolicoeur, 142-A, Les trésors cachés. (81-3571: Léo Martin), (Philomène Gallant:127-5413), Jos Poirier:81-3589), (Conrad Doucette:321-13331).
- AFCEAAC. 1977. Archives de folklore du Centre d’études acadiennes Anselme-Chiasson, collection Catherine-Jolicoeur, 142-A, Les trésors cachés. (Antoine Comeau:321-13224), (Antoine Gallant:313-12888).
- Daigle, Cyriac. 1948. Histoire de St-Louis de Kent: Cent cinquante ans de vie paroissiale en Acadie nouvelle. L’Imprimerie Acadienne Limitée, Moncton.
- Cloud, Tracy Ann. 2020. Mi’gmawe’l Tplu’taqnn (MTI). Personal communications in January 2020.
- Degrâce, Eloi. 1984. “Chaudrons de cuivre et sépultures micmaques.” Revue d’histoire de la Société Historique Nicolas Deny 12(2): 41-45.
- Delmas, Vincent. 2016. “Beads and trade routes: Tracing sixteenth-century beads around the Gulf and into the Saint Lawrence Valley.” In Brad Loewen and Claude Chapdelaine (eds.), Contact in the 16th century: Networks among Fishers, Foragers and Farmers: 77-115. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of History and University of Ottawa Press, Mercury Series, Archaeological Paper 176.
- Denys, Nicola. 1908 [1672]. The description and natural history of the coasts of North America (Acadia). Translated and edited by W.F. Ganong. Toronto: The Champlain Society.
- ECCC. 2009. Environment Canada and Climate Change: Historic database on storm impacts summaries. http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=F164E429-1
- Erskine, J.S. 1959. “Their crowded hour: The Micmac cycle.” The Dalhousie Review 138: 443-452.
- Fiztgerald, William and Peter Ramsden. 1988. “Copper based metal testing as an aid to understand early European-Amerindian interactions: Scratching the surface.” Canadian Journal of Archaeology 12: 153-161.
- Fitzgerald, William, Laurier Turgeon, Ruth Whitehead and James Bradley. 1993. “Late Sixteenth Century Basque Banded Copper Kettles.” Historical Archaeology 27 (1):44-57.
- Harper, Russell. 1956. Portland Point: Crossroad of New Brunswick History. St-John: The New Brunswick Museum.
- Harper, Russell. 1957. “Two seventeenth century Micmac ‘Copper Kettle’ burials.” Anthropologica 4: 11-36.
- Hyrnick, Gabriel, Jesse Webb, Christopher Shaw and Taylor Testa. 2017. “Late maritime woodland to protohistoric culture change and continuity at the Devil’s head site, Calais, Maine.” Archaeology of Eastern North America 48: 85-108.
- Kain, Samuel and Charles Rowe. 1903. “Some relics of the early French period in New Brunswick.” New Brunswick Natural Society Bulletin 19: 302-312.
- Leonard, Kevin. 2007. Preliminary report on archaeological test excavations at Cap St-Louis containment cell and parking lot: Kouchibouguac National Park. Contract Report for Parks Canada, Archaeoconsulting, NB.
- Loewen, Brad and Miren Goya. 2014. “Le routier de Piarres Detcheverry, 1677. Un aperçu de la présence basque dans la Baie des Chaleurs au XVIIe siècle.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 68: 125-151
- Martin, Diminique. 1961. Témoignage de Dominique Martin sur le trésor trouvé. Émission La soirée Canadienne, St-Louis de Kent.
- Martin, Diminique. 1966. L’histoire d’un trésor cache. Archives folkloriques de l’Université Laval. Collection Jean-Claude Dupont, enr. 529.
- MAUM. Musée Acadien de l’Université de Moncton. Museum files 51.4.15 and 1991.56 (a,b,c,d).
- Monahan, Valery. 1993. “Scratch-testing of the trade pots from Pictou site, BkCp-1.” Appendix to Whitehead, R.H., 1993, Nova Scotia proto-historic period 1500-1630, Curatorial Report Number 75. Department of Education, Nova Scotia, pp: 175-180.
- Moncton Transcript. 1940. “Find ancient objects after a big storm.” Edition of September, 19, 1940. Page 3. Archives, Moncton Public Library.
- Moncton Transcript. 1940. ”History of relics determined.” Edition of October 12, 1940, page 3. Archives, Moncton Public Library
- Moreau, Jean-François. 1998. “Traditions and cultural transformations: European copper-based kettles and Jesuit rings from 17th century amerindian sites.” North American Archaeologist 19: 1-11.
- Mousette, Marcel. 2009. “A universe under strain: American nations in north-eastern North America in the 16th century.” Post Medieval Archaeology 43: 30-47.
- Petersen, James, Malinda Blustain and James Bradley. 2004. “‘Mawooshen’ Revisited: Two native American contact period sites on the central Maine coast.” Archaeology of Eastern North America 32: 1-71.
- Robichaud, Armand. 2008. Les flibustiers de l’Acadie, coureurs des mers. Les Éditions de la Francophonie.
- Robichaud, Blair. 2019. Grandson of Dominique Martin. Personal Communications.
- Starr, Frederick, 1888. “Preservation by copper salts.” The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 10: 279.
- Stanley, George. 1973. “John Clarence Webster, the Laird of Shediac.” Acadiensis 3: 51-71.
- Thomas, Gerald. 1990. John Clarence Webster: the evolution and motivation of an historian 1922-1950. Masters Thesis, Department of History, University of New Brunswick.
- Turgeon, Laurier. 1997. “The tale of the kettle: Odyssey of an intercultural object.” Ethnohistory 44: 1-29.
- Turgeon, Laurier. 1998. “French fishers, fur traders and Amerindians during the sixteenth century: History and archaeology.” William and Mary Quarterly 55(4): 585-610.
- Turgeon, Laurier. 2001. “French beads in France and Northeastern North America during the sixteenth century.” Historical Archaeology, 35: 58-82.
- Turgeon, Laurier. 2019. Une histoire de la Nouvelle-France: Français et Amérindiens au XVIesiècle. Paris: Belin.
- Turnbull, Christopher. 1984. The Richibucto burial site (CeDf:18), New Brunswick Research in 1981. New Brunswick Cultural and Historical Resources. Manuscripts Archaeology 2, Fredericton.
- Whitehead, Ruth. 1993. Nova Scotia: The proto-historic period 1500-1630, Curatorial Report No.75. Halifax: Department of Education, Nova Scotia Museum.
- Whitehead, Ruth, L.A. Pavlish, R.M. Farquhar and R.G.B Hancock. 1998. “Analysis of copper based metals from three Mi’kmaq sites in Nova Scotia.” North American Archaeologist 19: 279-292.