Résumés
Abstract
This article explores competing conceptualisations of tradition and ethnicity as they are enacted at an annual celebration of Scottishness in St. John’s, Newfoundland: the Newfoundland St. Andrew’s Society Burns Supper. It begins by discussing the significance attached to notions of maintaining tradition and celebrating ethnicity on the part of the event’s organisers and participants. It goes on to focus in depth on two performances by local poets and entertainers, Christopher and Michael Pickard, invited speakers at the January 2007 event. These performances are shown to encode markedly different attitudes towards tradition and ethnicity to those which underpin the celebration of the Burns Supper as a whole. Analysis of the Pickard brothers’ performances thus affords a valuable opportunity to investigate the tensions which are set into motion when these two competing perspectives confront each other in the context of an organised public event like the Burns Supper. It also helps to illuminate wider issues relating to tradition and ethnicity at play within the discourse of the event.
Résumé
Cet article explore les conceptualisations contradictoires de la tradition et de l’ethnicité, telles qu’elles sont représentées lors de la célébration annuelle à St John’s (Terre-Neuve) de l’identité écossaise : le dîner Burns de la Newfoundland St Andrew’s Society. En premier, on discute de l’importance que revêtent les notions de maintien de la tradition et de la célébration de l’ethnicité pour les organisateurs de l’événement ainsi que pour les participants. L’article s’attache ensuite en détail à deux représentations de Christopher et Michael Pickard, poètes et artistes locaux qui furent les invités d’honneur de l’événement de janvier 2007. Ces représentations encodent des comportements sensiblement différents allant à l’encontre de la tradition et de l’ethnicité comparativement à ceux qui sont à la base du Burns Supper dans son ensemble. L’analyse des représentations des frères Pickard permet d’examiner les tensions générées quand ces deux perspectives contradictoires se confrontent dans le contexte d’un événement public comme le Burns Supper. Cela permet également d’élucider des questions plus vastes liées à la tradition et à l’ethnicité mises en jeu lors du déroulement de l’événement.
Parties annexes
References
- Bauman, Richard. 1975. “Verbal Art as Performance.” American Anthropologist 77: 290-311.
- Bennett, Margaret. 1989. The Last Stronghold: Scottish Gaelic Traditions in Newfoundland. St. John’s, NL: Breakwater.
- Brown, Carolyn S. 1987. The Tall Tale in American Folklore and Literature. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
- Brown, Mary Ellen. 1984. Burns and Tradition. London: Macmillan.
- Canadian Sealers Association. 2007. Homepage. http://www.sealharvest.ca
- Cohane, Mary Ellen. 1985. “Haggis as Trope: Scottish-American Foodways in New Jersey.” New Jersey Folklore 10: 24-29.
- Cornwell, David, and Sandy Hobbs. 1991. “Defining the Pun.” In Gillian Bennett ed., Spoken in Jest: 199-214. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
- Crawford, Robert, ed. 1997. Robert Burns and Cultural Authority. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Davis, Leith. 1998. “Re-presenting Scotia: Robert Burns and the Imagined Community of Scotland.” In Carol McGuirk ed., Critical Essays on Robert Burns: 63-76. New York: Hall.
- Fife, Wayne. 2004. “Semantic Slippage as a New Aspect of Authenticity: Viking Tourism on the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland.” Journal of Folklore Research 41: 61-84.
- Finlay, Richard J. 1997a. “The Burns Cult and Scottish Identity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” In Kenneth Simpson ed., Love and Liberty: Robert Burns: A Bicentenary Celebration: 69-78. East Linton (UK): Tuckwell Press.
- ———. 1997b. “Heroes, Myths and Anniversaries in Modern Scotland.” Scottish Affairs 18: 108-125.
- Fraser, Joy. 2003. “‘Gie her a Haggis!’: Haggis as Food, Legend and Popular Culture.” Contemporary Legend n.s. 6: 1-43.
- Greenhill, Pauline. 1988. “Folk Drama in Anglo Canada and the Mock Wedding: Transaction, Performance, and Meaning.” Canadian Drama/L’Art dramatique canadien 14: 169-205.
- ———. 1989. True Poetry: Traditional and Popular Verse in Ontario. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Hammond, Brean. 1993. “‘Our toils obscure, and a’ that’: Burns and the Burns Myth.” In Hans Ulrich Seeber and Walter Göbel eds., Anglistentag 1992 Stuttgart: Proceedings: 9-19. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
- Kirkwood, Colin. 2000. “Robert Burns in the Counsellor’s Chair: A Socio-Cultural Analysis of the Burns Myth.” Psychodynamic Counselling 6: 521-531.
- Limón, José E. 1983. “Legendry, Metafolklore, and Performance: A Mexican-American Example.” Western Folklore 42: 191-208.
- Lott, Eric. 1993. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Marshall, Nancy. 1992. Chambers Companion to the Burns Supper. Edinburgh: Chambers.
- McClary, Susan. 1992. George Bizet’s Carmen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- McGuirk, Carol. 1987. “Scottish Hero, Scottish Victim: Myths of Robert Burns.” In Cairns Craig gen. ed., The History of Scottish Literature, Vol. II: 219-238. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
- ———. 1997. “Haunted by Authority: Nineteenth-Century American Constructions of Robert Burns and Scotland.” In Robert Crawford ed., Robert Burns and Cultural Authority: 136-158. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Mowbray, Graham. 2002. “The Newfoundland St. Andrew’s Society.” In Noreen MacLennan ed., “All Around the Circle”: Scottish Country Dances from Newfoundland, Volume 1: 6. St. John’s, NL: St. John’s (Newfoundland) Branch, Royal Scottish Country Dance Society.
- ———. 2007a. Introduction to “The Immortal Memory of Robert Burns.” Speech presented at Newfoundland St. Andrew’s Society Burns Supper, 20 January. Tape recording.
- ———. 2007b. Introduction to “The Toast to the Lassies.” Speech presented at Newfoundland St. Andrew’s Society Burns Supper, 20 January. Tape recording.
- ———. 2007c. Interview with the author, 22 February, St. John’s. Tape recording.
- Nahachewsky, Andriy. 2002. “New Ethnicity and Ukrainian Canadian Social Dances.” Journal of American Folklore 115: 175-190.
- Neal, Sarah. 1999. “Populist Configurations of Race and Gender: The Case of Hugh Grant, Divine Brown and Elizabeth Hurley.” In Avtar Brah, Mary J. Hickman, and Maírtín Mac an Ghaill eds., Thinking Identities: Ethnicity, Racism and Culture: 100-119. London: Macmillan.
- Newfoundland St. Andrew’s Society. 2007. Homepage: http://www3.nf.sympatico.cathe.mowbrays/starter.html
- Ommer, Rosemary E. 1980. The Scots in Newfoundland. Paper presented to the Newfoundland Historical Society, St. John’s.
- Parédes, Américo. 1968. “Folk Medicine and the Intercultural Jest.” In June Helm ed., Spanish-Speaking People in the United States: 104-119. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- PETA. 2007. “Stop Barbaric Seal Slaughter.” http://www.helpinganimals.com/automation2/AlertItem.asp?id=698
- Pickard, Christopher, and Michael Pickard. 2006. “Speakeasy Central.” http://rogersspeakeasy.blogspot.co
- ———. 2007a. “Address to the Haggis.” Performance presented at Newfoundland St. Andrew’s Society Burns Supper, 20 January. Video recording.
- ———. 2007b. “Toast to the Lassies.” Performance presented at Newfoundland St. Andrew’s Society Burns Supper, 20 January. Video recording.
- ———. 2007c. Interview with the author, 27 February, St. John’s. Tape recording.
- Reid, Ross. 2007. “Toast to Scotland.” Speech presented at Newfoundland St. Andrew’s Society Burns Supper, 20 January. Tape recording.
- Roe, Nicholas. 1997. “Authenticating Robert Burns.” In Robert Crawford ed., Robert Burns and Cultural Authority: 159-179. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Small, Contessa. 2007. “Amusement as Ammunition: Jokes and Parodies of the 2006 Newfoundland Seal Hunt Protest.” Culture & Tradition 29: 137-155.
- “Snook.” 2006. Homepage. http://www.rightonsnook.com
- Statistics Canada. 2002. “Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada: Highlight Tables, 2001 Census.” http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Ethnicity/Index.cfm?Lang=E
- Strauss, Dietrich. 1989. “Burns — Literary Focus of Scottish National Identity?” In Horst W. Drescher and Hermann Völkel eds., Nationalism in Literature/Literarischer Nationalismus: Literature, Language and National Identity: Third International Scottish Studies Symposium: Proceedings: 107-116. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
- Trew, Johanne Devlin. 2005. “The Forgotten Irish?: Contested Sites and Narratives of Nation in Newfoundland.” Ethnologies 27(2): 43-77.
- Tyrrell, Alex. 2005. “Paternalism, Public Memory and National Identity in Early Victorian Scotland: The Robert Burns Festival at Ayr in 1844.” History 90: 42-61.
- Whitfield, Jennifer. 2007. Interview with the author, 20 March, St. John’s. Tape recording.
- Zafar, Rafia. 1996. “The Proof of the Pudding: Of Haggis, Hasty Pudding, and Transatlantic Influence.” Early American Literature 31: 133-149.