Résumés
Résumé
Cet article porte sur la conception et l’enseignement de cours en ligne dans le contexte de l’école secondaire de langue française en Ontario relativement à la reconnaissance de la diversité culturelle et linguistique des élèves. Des entretiens auprès de membres responsables de la conception des cours et du personnel enseignant ont été menés. L’analyse s’intéresse aux paradigmes et aux approches qui guident la conception de cours en ligne, à la flexibilité et à la variété de leurs composantes, à la communication qui y est prévue et à la sensibilité culturelle qui en ressort. Les résultats révèlent des approches et des pratiques qui exploitent peu ou mal certaines composantes disponibles et limitent l’apport même des élèves dans la construction des connaissances et la reconnaissance de la variété linguistique.
Mots-clés :
- conception pédagogique,
- apprentissage en ligne,
- culture,
- langue,
- équité
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Amery, E., Blignaut, S. et Winchester, I. (2022). The role of intercultural education in a bachelor of education program at Nelson Mandela university in South Africa. Interchange, 53(2), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-022-09456-6
- Anderson, B. (2017). How cultural factors influence the use of social constructivist-based pedagogical models of distance learning. Examining japanese online collaborative behaviors. Dans A. C. Bradshaw (dir.), Culture, learning and technology (pp. 91-108). Routledge, Taylor and Francis group.
- Ball, A. F. et Ladson-Billings, G. (2020). Educating teachers for the 21st century. Culture, refection, and learning. Dans N. S. Nasir, C. D. Lee, R. Pea et M. McKinney de Royston (dir.), Handbook of the cultural foundations of learning, (pp. 387-403). Routledge.
- Barbour, M. K. (2014). A history of international k-12 online and blended instruction. Dans R. E. Ferdig et K. Kennedy (dir.), Handbook of research on k-12 online and blended learning (pp. 25-49). ETC Press.
- Barbour, M. K. et LaBonte, R. (2022). Rapport sur la situation de e-learning en M-12 au Canada. https://k12sotn.ca/on/
- Barbour, M. K. et Reeves, T. C. (2009). The reality of virtual schools: A review of the literature. Computers & Education, 52(2), 402-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.09.009
- Bayart, J.-F. (1996). L’illusion identitaire. Fayard
- Bergeron, C. (2020). Penser l’éducation inclusive dans un contexte de discriminations et de diversité au Canada. L’importance de la pensée complexe d’Edgar Morin. Tréma, 54. https://doi.org/10.4000/trema.6042
- Bergeron, C., Blanchet, P. et Lebon-Eyquem, M. (2022). Étude exploratoire de l’insécurité linguistique et de la glottophobie chez des étudiants universitaires de l’Ontario. Minorités linguistiques et société, 19, 3–25. https://doi.org/10.7202/1094396ar
- Blake, N. et Masschelein, J. (2003). Critical theory and critical pedagogy. Dans N. Blake, P. Smeyers, R. Smith et P. Standish (dir.), The blackwell guide to the philosophy of education (pp. 38-57). Blackwell publishing Ltd.
- Boileau, F. (2016, 1er juin). Commissariat aux services en français. Rapport annuel 2015-2016. https://csfontario.ca/fr/rapports/ra1516
- Borup, J., Hasler Waters, L. et Beck, D. (2016). Special issue on supporting students in k-12 online and blended learning environments. Journal of Online Learning Research, 2(4), 327-331. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/174324/
- Bradshaw, A. C. (2017). Critical pedagogy and educational technology. Dans A. D. Benson, J. Roberto et J. L. Moore (dir.), Culture, learning and technology (pp. 8-27). Routledge, Taylor and Francis group.
- Bulmer, M. (1979). Concepts in the analysis of qualitative data. The Sociological Review, 27(4), 651-677.
- Cardinal, L. (2023). Canada’s language policy-choices and the modernization of the official languages act. Dans J. Jiménez- Salcedo et J. Mowbray (dir.), Rights, Language regimes, and language policy: An international perspective, special issue. Just. Journal of Language Rights & Minorities, Revista de Drets Lingüístics i Minories 2(1), 21-47. https://doi.org/10.7203/Just.2.25833
- Cavanaugh, C., Gillan, K. J., Kromrey, J., Hess, M. et Blomeyer, R. (2004). The effects of distance education on k-12 student outcomes: A meta-analysis. Learning point associates. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED489533.pdf
- Charlier, B., Germain-Rutherford, A., Kerr, B., Moura, A., Mvoto Meyong, C. et Villa, G. (2007). Une conception inclusive d’environnements d’apprentissage en ligne : modèles et ressources. Revue internationale des technologies en pédagogie universitaire (RITPU), 4(3), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.18162/ritpu.2007.139
- Chen, I. (2011). Instructional design methodologies. Dans Management Association (dir.), Instructional Design: Concepts, methodologies, tools and applications (pp. 80-94). IGI Global.
- Conway, K., Wladis, C. et Hachey, A. (2011). Minority student access in the online environment. (Report). Hispanic Educational Technologies Services Online Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.55420/2693.9193.v2.n1.95
- Creswell, J. W. et Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches. (4e éd.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Dalley, P. (2014). Assimilation, intégration ou inclusion. Quelle vision pour l’éducation de langue française en contexte minoritaire? Dans L. Carlson-Berg (dir.), La francophonie dans toutes ses couleurs et le défi de l’inclusion (pp. 13-34). Presses de l’Université Laval.
- De la Varre, C., Irvin, M. J., Jordan, A. W., Hannum, W. H. et Farmer, T. W. (2014). Reasons for student dropout in an online course in a rural K–12 setting. Distance Education, 35(3), 324-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2015.955259
- De los Ríos, C. V. (2018). Bilingual vine making: Problematizing oppressive discourses in a secondary Chicanx/Latinx studies course. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(4), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1498350
- Edmundson, A. (2007). The cultural adaptation process (CAP) model: Designing e-learning for another culture. Dans A. Edmundson (dir.), Globalized e-learning cultural challenges (pp. 267-290). IGI Global.
- Firdion, J. M. (2012). Construire un échantillon. Dans S. Paugam (dir.), L’enquête sociologique (pp. 69-92). Presses Universitaires de France.
- Fourot, A. (2016). Redessiner les espaces francophones au présent : la prise en compte de l’immigration dans la recherche sur les francophonies minoritaires au Canada. Politique et Sociétés, 35(1), 25-48. https://doi.org/10.7202/1035791ar
- Frechette, C., Layne, L. C. et Gunawardena, C. N. (2014). Accounting for culture in instructional design. Dans I. Jung et C. N. Gunawardena (dir.), Culture and online learning: Global perspectives and research (pp. 54-66). Stylus Publishing.
- Freidhoff, J. R. (2019, 27 mars). Michigan’s k-12 virtual learning effectiveness report 201718. Michigan Virtual University. https://mvlri.org/research/publications/michigans-k-12-virtual-learning-effectiveness-report-2017-18/
- Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum.
- Freire, P. (2001). Pedagogy of the oppressed (traduit par M. B. Ramos). Continuum.
- Freire, P. (2018). Teachers as cultural workers. Letters to those who dare teach (traduit par D. Macedo, D. Koike et A. Oliveira). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
- Garant, N. et Bélanger, N. (2010). Introduction. Dans N. Bélanger, N. Garant, P. Dalley et T. Desabrais (dir.), Produire et reproduire la francophonie en la nommant (pp. 9-18). Éditions Prise de parole.
- Gaudet, S. et Robert, D. (2018). L’aventure de la recherche qualitative : du questionnement à la rédaction scientifique. Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa.
- Gay, G. (2000). Culturally responsive reaching rheory, research, and practice. Teachers College Record.
- Gay, G. (2018). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. (3e éd.). Teachers College Press.
- Gérin-Lajoie, D. (2020). Les politiques scolaires et l’inclusion des élèves issus de l’immigration dans les écoles de langue française en Ontario. Éducation et francophonie, XLVIII (1), 164- 183. https://doi.org/10.7202/1070105ar
- Gunawardena, C. N., Frechette, C. et Layne. L. (2019). Culturally inclusive instructional design. A framework and guide for building online wisdom communities. Routledge.
- Gunawardena, C. N., Wilson, P. L. et Nolla, A. C. (2003). Culture and online education. Dans M. G. Moore et W. G. Anderson (dir.), Handbook of Distance Education (pp. 753–775). Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
- Hass, D., Hass, A. et Joseph, M. (2023). Emergency online learning & the digital divide: An exploratory study of the effects of covid-19 on minority students. Marketing Education Review, 33(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10528008.2022.2136498
- Henderson, L. (1996). Instructional design of interactive multimedia: A cultural critique. Educational Technology Research and Development, 44(1), 85-104. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02299823
- Henderson, L. (2007). Theorizing a Multiple Cultures Instructional Design Model for E-learning and E-teaching. Dans A. Edmundson (dir.), Globalized E-learning Cultural Challenges, (pp. 130-153). Information Science Publishing.
- Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
- Jacquet, M., Gérin-Lajoie, D. et André, G. (2023). Récits de vie de jeunes immigrants diplômés des écoles de langue française à Toronto et à Edmonton. Éducation comparée et internationale, 51(2),1-15. https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v51i2.15206
- Journée, B. (2012). Collecte de données par l’observation. Dans M.-L. Gavard-Perret, D. Gotteland, C. Haon et A. Jolibert (dir.), Méthodologie de la recherche en sciences de gestion. Réussir son mémoire ou sa thèse (pp. 165-206). Pearson.
- Kahn, S. (2010). Pédagogie différenciée. De Boeck.
- Kumi–Yeboah, A., Dogbey, J. et Yuan, G. (2018). Exploring factors that promote online learning experiences and academic self-concept of minority high school students. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 50(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2017.1365669
- Kuo, Y.-C. et Belland, B. R. (2016). An exploratory study of adult learners’ perceptions of online learning: Minority students in continuing education. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64(4), 661–680. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-016-9442-9
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465-491. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003465
- Ladson-Billings, G. (2014). Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: A.k.a. the remix. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.84.1.p2rj131485484751
- Ladson-Billings, G. (2021). Culturally relevant pedagogy: Asking a different question. Teachers College Press.
- Lawrence, A. (2020). Teaching as dialogue: An emerging model of culturally responsive online pedagogy. Journal of Online Learning Research 6(1), 5-33. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/210657/
- Lory, M-P. (2022). Plurilingual Practices: A Canadian perspective. Dans E. Piccardo, A. Germain-Rutherford et G. Lawrence (dir.), The Routledge Handbook of Plurilingual Language Education (pp. 417-423), Routledge.
- Macdonald, K., Germine, L., Anderson, A., Christodoulou, J. et McGrath, L. M. (2017). Dispelling the myth: Training in education or neuroscience decreases but does not eliminate beliefs in neuromyths. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01314
- Macfadyen, L. P., Roche, J. et Doff, S. (2004). Communicating across cultures in cyberspace. A bibliographical review of intercultural communication online. https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13955/1/13955.pdf
- Mahmud, S. N. D. (2023). Case study in Malaysia: Is culturally responsive pedagogy possible? Dans L. Halim, M. Ramli et M. N. Ali (dir.), Culturally responsive science pedagogy in Asia. Status and Challenges for Malaysia, Indonesia and Japan (pp. 89-101). Routledge.
- McLoughlin, C. (2000). Cultural maintenance, ownership, and multiple perspectives: Features of web‐based delivery to promote equity. Journal of Educational Media, 25(3), 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358165000250306
- McLoughlin, C. et Oliver, R. (2000). Designing learning environments for cultural inclusivity: A case study of indigenous online learning at tertiary level. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 16(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1822
- Mehta, S. et Dubey, K. B. (2021). E-learning tools and smart campus: Boon or bane during COVID-19. Dans M. Goyal, R. Krishnamurthi et D. Yadav (dir.), E-learning methodologies. Fundamentals, technologies, and applications (pp. 235-252). The Institution of Engineering and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPC040E_ch11
- Ministère de l’Éducation de l’Ontario. (2022, 1er février). Politique/Programmes Note 167. Éducation en Ontario : Directives en matière de politique et de programmes. Éducation et formation. https://www.ontario.ca/fr/document/education-en-ontario-directives-en-matiere-de-politiques-et-de-programmes/politiqueprogrammes-note-167
- Moore, M. G. (1989). Three types of interaction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659
- Moore, M. G., Shattuck, K. et Al-Harthi, A. (2005). Cultures meeting cultures in online distance education. Journal of E-Learning and Knowledge Society, 1(2), 187-207. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/43302/
- Morasse, M.-E. (2019, 27 mai). Quand les raccrocheurs décrochent. La Presse. https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/education/2019-05-27/quand-les-raccrocheurs-decrochent
- Noël, J. G., Forgues, É. et Landry, R. (2014). Qui sont les francophones? Analyse de définitions selon les variables du recensement. Mise à jour : Recensement de 2011. Rapport de recherche. Institut canadien de recherche sur les minorités linguistiques. https://www.icrml.ca/images/stories/documents/fr/2014_definitions_francophones.pdf
- O’Keeffe, L., Paige, K. et Osborne, S. (2019). Getting started: Exploring pre-service teachers’ confidence and knowledge of culturally responsive pedagogy in teaching mathematics and science. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 47(2), 152–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2018.1531386
- Paquelin, D. (2011). La distance : questions de proximités. Distances et savoirs, 9(4), 565–590. https://shs.cairn.info/revue-distances-et-savoirs-2011-4-page-565?lang=fr
- Paris, D. (2012). Culturally sustaining pedagogy: A needed change in stance, terminology, and practice. Educational Researcher, 41(3), 93-97. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12441244
- Piccardo, E. (2016). La diversité culturelle et linguistique comme ressource à la créativité. Voix plurielles, 13(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.26522/vp.v13i1.1370
- Piccardo, E., Germain-Rutherford, A. et Lawrence, G. (2022). The routledge handbook of plurilingual language education. Routledge.
- Pillay, S. et James, R. (2014). The pains and gains of blended learning – social constructivist perspectives. Education + Training, 56(4), 254–270. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-11-2012-0118
- Prévost, P. et Roy, M. (2012). Les études de cas : un essai de synthèse. Organisations & territoires, 21(1), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1522/revueot.v21n1.292
- Renaut, A. (2007). L’éducation est-elle une marchandise comme une autre? Pouvoirs, (122), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.3917/pouv.122.0125
- Resta, P., Shonfeld, M., Ahmad, M. Y. A. et Wallace, D. L. (2018). Information and communication technology revitalizing cultural edentity and diversity. Dans J. Voogt, G. Knezek, R. Christensen et K. W. Lai (dir.), Second handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education (pp. 1006-1014). Springer.
- Rosenberg, J. P. et Yates, P. (2007). Schematic representation of case study research designs. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(4), 447-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04385.x
- Saqlain, N. (2016). The development of virtual schooling in Newfoundland and Labrador. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE, 17(1), 583-591. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tojde/issue/16950/176950
- Saykili, A. (2018). Distance education: Definitions, generations, key concepts and future directions. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 5(1), 2-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijcer/issue/38043/416321
- Selwyn, N. (2016). Minding our language: Why education and technology is full of bullshit and what might be done about it. Learning, Media and Technology, 41(3), 437-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1012523
- Seok, S. (2008). Teaching aspects of e-learning. International Journal on E-learning 7(4), 725-741. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/24323/
- Seufert, S. (2002). Cultural perspectives. Dans H. H. Adelsberger, B. Collis et J. M. Pawlowski (dir.), Handbook of information technologies for education and training (pp. 411-421). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-07682-8_26
- Shepherd, A. E. (2018). Teacher Awareness of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy and Minority Student Outcomes (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California). https://www.proquest.com/openview/2490d2825b68f13514215ecdc2e24b54/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
- Sieffert, S. (2006). Placing culture at the forefront. College of graduate studies and research. Educational Communications and Technology. University of Saskatchewan.
- Smith, D. R. et Ayers, D. F. (2006). Culturally responsive pedagogy and online learning: Implications for the globalized community college. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 30(5), 401-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668920500442125
- Statistique Canada. (2022). Instruction dans la langue officielle minoritaire des enfants d’âge scolaire qui y sont admissibles selon le critère d’admissibilité, le groupe d’âge et l’ordre d’enseignement, 2021. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/fr/tv.action?pid=1510003801
- Thien, V. N. (2021). Effectiveness of online learning when implementing collaborative online learning in flipped classroom. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 26, 234-249. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/techssj26&div=21&id=&page=
- Thomas, M. K. et Columbus, M. A. (2009-2010). African american identity and a theory for primary cultural instructional design. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 38(1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.2190/ET.38.1.h
- Thomas, M., Mitchell, M. et Joseph, J. (2002). The third dimension of ADDIE: A cultural embrace. TechTrends 46(2), 40-45. Lien.
- Traisnel, C., Violette, I. et Gallant, N. (2013). Les minorités francophones canadiennes face à l’immigration : particularismes et représentations de la diversité ethnoculturelle dans les milieux associatifs. Minorités linguistiques et société, 2, 9-28. https://doi.org/10.7202/1014843ar
- Utuk, B. (2018). Instructional strategies for culturally diverse learners: A case study of instructional designers [thèse de doctorat, Université de Lethbridge, Canada]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.ulethbridge.ca/lib/ematerials/handle/123456789/2620
- Vlachopoulos, D. et Makri, A. (2019). Online communication and interaction in distance higher education: A framework study of good practice. International Review of Education, 65, 605-632. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11159-019-09792-3
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
- Watson, K. (2013). Incorporating “World view” into the LMS or CMS is best. Dans A. Edmundson (dir.), Cases on cultural implications and considerations in online learning (pp. 71-80). IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/incorporating-world-view-into-lms/52472
- Yeboah, A. K. et Smith, P. (2016). Relationships between minority students online learning experiences and academic performance. Online Learning, 20(4). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1124650
- Young, P. A. (2008). Integrating culture in the design of ICTs. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(1), 6-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00700.x
- Young, P. A. (2009). The nature of culture in design. Dans P. Young (dir.), Instructional design frameworks and intercultural models (pp. 25-36). IGI Global. 10.4018/978-1-60566-426-2.ch002
- Zain, I. (2018). The collaborative instructional design system. An innovative instructional design tool for 21st century learning. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 19(4), 11-36. https://www.proquest.com/openview/80487969d306d5edfaa3e1a337e09552/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=29705
- Zisselsberger, M.-G. et Gonzáles, G.-R. (2019). Building teacher capacity using critical reflection. Dans M. Scanlan, C. Hunter et E. Howard (dir.), Culturally and linguistically responsive education. Designing Networks That Transform Schools (pp. 95-116). Harvard Education Press.