Résumés
Résumé
Cadre de la recherche : Au Québec, la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse encourage le maintien des contacts entre les enfants placés en famille d’accueil et leurs parents biologiques. Or, il n’existe pas de consensus empirique quant aux conséquences de ces contacts sur les enfants placés.
Objectifs : Notre étude vise à examiner les liens entre la sensibilité du parent d’accueil et les réactions des enfants à la suite de ces contacts, en considérant trois facteurs potentiellement confondants soit la sécurité d’attachement, l’âge au moment du premier placement et la fréquence des contacts.
Méthodologie : Il s’agit d’une étude quantitative réalisée auprès de 51 enfants placés âgés de 12 à 45 mois. Une entrevue individuelle auprès du parent biologique nous permet de documenter la fréquence des contacts réalisés auprès de l’enfant. Les réactions de l’enfant, à la suite des contacts, sont rapportées par le parent d’accueil. La sensibilité parentale et la sécurité d’attachement sont observées lors d’une visite au domicile du parent d’accueil.
Résultats : La plupart des enfants affichent au moins une réaction négative à la suite des contacts. Les réactions négatives rapportées sont associées significativement à l’insensibilité du parent d’accueil.
Conclusions : Notre étude suggère que la sensibilité du parent d’accueil peut être un facteur favorable à de meilleures transitions à la suite des contacts.
Contribution : Cet article contribue à la réflexion sur la tenue des contacts suivant une mesure de placement et sur les réactions manifestées par les enfants à la suite de ces contacts.
Mots-clés :
- contact parent-enfant,
- famille d’accueil,
- placement,
- protection de la jeunesse
Abstract
Research Framework: In Quebec, the Youth Protection Act encourages contact between children and their biological parents following placement in foster care. However, there is no empirical consensus about the impact of these contacts on foster children.
Objectives: Our study aims to examine the association between the foster parent’s sensitivity and the children’s reactions to contact considering three potentially confounding variables: security of attachment, age at first placement, and frequency of contact.
Methodology: With a quantitative approach, our sample includes 51 foster children aged between 12 and 45 months. Individual interview with the biological parent informed about contact arrangements. Children’s reactions following contact was reported by foster parents. Parental sensitivity and security of attachment were observed through a home visit with the foster parents.
Results: Most children have at least one negative reaction as a result of contact. These reactions are significantly associated to foster parent’s sensitivity.
Conclusions: Our study suggests the foster parent’s sensitivity parent as a key factor in facilitating better transitions as a result of contacts.
Contribution: This study contributes to the reflection on parent-child contacts and their impacts on foster children.
Keywords:
- parent-child contact,
- foster family,
- placement,
- youth protection
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., M. C. Blehar, E. Waters et S. Wall. 1978. Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation , Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Association des centres jeunesse du Québec. 2017. Bilan des directeurs de la protection de la jeunesse/directeurs provinciaux 2017, Montréal, Association des centres jeunesse du Québec.
- Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., M. H. Van IJzendoorn et F. Juffer. 2003. “Less is More: Meta-analyses of Sensitivity and Attachment Interventions in Early Childhood”, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 129, no 2, p. 195-215.
- Bendel, R. B. et A. A. Afifi. 1977. “Comparison of Stopping Rules in Forward Stepwise Regression”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 72, no 357, p. 46-53.
- Bohlin, G., B. Hagekull et A. M. Rydell. 2000. “Attachment and Social Functioning: A Longitudinal Study from Infancy to Middle Childhood”, Social Development , vol. 9, no 1, p. 24-39.
- Bovenschen, I., K. Lang, J. Zimmermann, J. Förthner, K. Nowacki, I. Roland et G. Spangler. 2016. “Foster Children’s Attachment Behavior and Representation: Influence of Children’s Pre-placement Experiences and Foster Caregiver’s Sensitivity”, Child abuse & neglect , vol. 51, p. 323-335.
- Brenning, K. M., B. Soenens, C. Braet et G. Bosmans. 2012. “Attachment and Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence: Testing the Validity of the Emotion Regulation Model of Attachment”, Personal Relationships, vol.19, no 3, p. 445–464.
- Cantos, A. L., L. T. Gries et V. Slis. 1997. “Behavioral Correlates of Parental Visiting during Family Foster Care”, Child Welfare, vol. 76, no 2, p. 309-329.
- Carignan, L. 2007. Analyse de l’adaptation sociale et personnelle des jeunes placés jusqu’à leur majorité en fonction de leur trajectoire de placement et du maintien ou du non maintien des contacts avec leurs parents biologiques, thèse de doctorat en service social, Montréal, Université McGill et Université de Montréal.
- Carlson, E. A. 1998. “A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Attachment Disorganization / Disorientation”, Child Development, vol. 69, no 4, p. 1107-1128.
- Carlson, V., D. Cicchetti, D. Barnett et K. Braunwald. 1989. “Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Relationships in Maltreated Infants”, Developmental Psychology, vol. 25, no 4, p. 525–531.
- Chateauneuf, D. et J. Lessard. 2015. « La famille d’accueil à vocation adoptive : enjeux et réflexions autour du modèle québécois ». Service social, vol. 61, no 1, p.19–41.
- Chateauneuf, D., G. Pagé et B. Decaluwe. 2018. “Issues Surrounding Post-Adoption Contact in Foster Adoption: The Perspective of Foster-to-Adopt Families and Child Welfare Workers”, Journal of Public Child Welfare, vol. 12, no 4, p. 436-460.
- Clausen, J. M., J. Landsverk, W. Ganger, D. Chadwick et A. Litrownik. 1998. “Mental Health Problems of Children in Foster Care”, Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 7, no 3, p. 283-296.
- Cole, S. A. 2005. “Foster Caregiver Motivation and Infant Attachment: How Do Reasons for Fostering Affect Relationships?”, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , vol. 22, no 5, p. 441-457.
- Colón, F. 1978. “Family Ties and Child Placement”, Family Process , vol. 17, no 3, p. 289-312.
- Dozier, M., K. C. Stovall, K. E. Albus et B. Bates. 2001. “Attachment for Infants in Foster Care: The Role of Caregiver State of Mind”, Child Development , vol. 72, no 5, p. 1467-1477.
- Egeland, B. et A. Sroufe. 1981. « Attachment and Early Maltreatment ». Child Development, vol. 52, no 1, p. 44–52.
- Fauteux, M. 2008. La protection de l’enfant, un an plus tard. http://soquij.qc.ca/fr/ressources-pour-tous/articles/la-protection-de-l-enfant-un-an-plus-tard
- Fauteux, M. 2011. L’article 91.1 de la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse, trois ans plus tard : la Cour d’appel tranche. https://soquij.qc.ca/fr/ressources-pour-tous/articles/l-article-91-1-de-la-loi-sur-la-protection-de-la-jeunesse-trois-ans-plus-tard-la-cour-d-appel-tranche
- Fernandez, E. 2009. “Children’s Wellbeing in Care: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Outcomes”, Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 31, no 10, p. 1092-1100.
- Fisher, P. A. et M. Stoolmiller. 2008. “Intervention Effects on Foster Parent Stress: Associations with Child Cortisol Levels”, Development and psychopathology , vol. 20, no 3, p. 1003-1021.
- Flynn, R. J. et C. Biro. 1998. “Comparing Developmental Outcomes for Children in Care with those for Other Children in Canada”, Children & Society, vol. 12, no 3, p. 228-233.
- Gean, M., J. Gillmore et J. Dowler. 1985. “Infants and Toddlers in Supervised Custody: A Pilot Study of Visitation”, Journal of American Academy of Child, vol. 24, no 5, p. 608-612.
- Gillaizeau, F. et S. Grabar. 2011. « Modèles de régression multiple », Sang thrombose vaisseaux, vol. 23, no 7, p. 360-370.
- Goetschalckx, R., K. Driessens et S. Sanner. 2008. “Cost-sensitive Parsimonious Linear Regression”, Data Mining, p. 809-814.
- Goubau, D. et M. Langlois. 2016. « Les contacts des parents avec leur enfant placé à long terme en application de la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse », dans L’enfant et le litige en matière de protection : psychologie et droit, sous la dir. K. Poitras, C. Baudry et D. Goubau, Québec, Presses de l’Université du Québec, Collection Enfance.
- Gunnar, M. R., L. Brodersen, M. Nachmias, K, Buss et J. Rigatuso. 1996. “Stress Reactivity and Attachment Security”, Developmental Psychobiology , vol. 29, no 3, p. 191–204.
- Haight, W. L., J. D. Kagle et J. E. Black. 2003. “Understanding and Supporting Parent-Child Relationships during Foster Care Visits: Attachment Theory and Research”, Social Work, vol. 48, no 2, p. 195-207.
- Haight, W. L., S. Mangelsdorf, J. Black, M. Szewczyk, S. Schoppe, G. Giorgio et L. Tata. 2005. “Enhancing Parent-Child Interaction During Foster Care Visits: Experimental Assessment of an Intervention”, Child Welfare, vol. 84, no 4, p. 459-482.
- Heflinger, C. A., C. G. Simpkins et T. Combs-Orme. 2000. “Using the CBCL to Determine the Clinical Status of Children in State Custody”, Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 22, no 1, p. 55-73.
- Hess, P. 2003. Visiting between Children in Care and their Families: A look at Current Policy , New York, The National Resource Center for Foster Care and Permanency Planning.
- Humphreys, C. et M. Kiraly. 2010. “High-frequency Family Contact: A Road to Nowhere for Infants”, Child and Family Social Work, vol. 16, no 1, p. 1–11.
- Kufeldt, K., J. Armstrong et M. Dorosh. 1995. “How Children in Care View their Own and their Foster Families: A Research Study”, Child Welfare , vol. 74, no 3, p. 695-715.
- Leathers, S. 2003. “Parental Visiting, Conflicting Allegiances, and Emotional and Behavioral Problems among Foster Children”, Family Relations, vol. 52, no 1, p. 53-63.
- Leslie, L. K., J. N. Gordon, W. Ganger et K. Gist. 2002. “Developmental Delay in Young Children in Child Welfare by Initial Placement Type”, Infant Mental Health Journal, vol. 23, no 5, p. 496–516.
- Little, C. et A. S. Carter. 2005. “Negative Emotional Reactivity and Regulation in 12-Month-olds Following Emotional Challenge: Contributions of Maternal-infant Emotional Availability in a Low-income Sample”, Infant Mental Health Journal, vol. 26, no 4, p. 354-368.
- Mapp, S. C. 2002. “A Framework for Family Visiting for Children in Long-term Foster Care”, Families in Society , vol. 83, no 2, p. 175-182.
- McWey, L. M. et A. K. Mullis. 2004. “Improving the Lives of Children in Foster Care: The Impact of Supervised Visitation”, Family Relations, vol. 53, no 3, p. 293–300.
- Minnis, H., K. Everett, A. J. Pelosi, J. Dunn et M. Knapp. 2006. “Children in Foster Care: Mental Health, Service Use and Costs”, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 15, no 2, p. 63-70.
- Moss, E., D. St-Laurent, D. Rousseau, S. Parent, C. Gosselin et J. Saintonge. 1999. « L’attachement à l’âge scolaire et le développement des troubles de comportement », Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, vol. 31, no 2, p. 107-118.
- Moss, E., K. Dubois-Comtois, C. Cyr, M. Carignan et M. St-André. 2009. Évaluation d’un programme d’intervention visant à optimiser la sécurité affective et le développement moteur et cognitif des enfants placés en famille d’accueil, Montréal, Conseil canadien sur l’apprentissage.
- Moss, E., K. Dubois-Comtois, C. Cyr, G. M. Tarabulsy, D. St-Laurent et A. Bernier. 2011. “Efficacy of a Home-visiting Intervention Aimed at Improving Maternal Sensitivity, Child Attachment, and Behavioral Outcomes for Maltreated Children: A Randomized Control Trial”, Development and Psychopathology, vol. 23, no 1, p. 195-210.
- Moss, E., G. M. Tarabulsy, R. St-Georges, K. Dubois-Comtois, C. Cyr, A. Bernier, D. St-Laurent, K. Pascuzzo et V. Lecompte. 2014. “Video-Feedback Intervention With Maltreating Parents and Their Children: Program Implementation and Case Study”, Attachment & Human Development , vol. 16, no 4, p. 329-342.
- Munro, E. 2001. “Empowering Looked-after Children”, Child and Family Social Work, vol. 6, no 2, p. 129-137.
- Neil, E. 2002. “Contact After Adoption: The Role of Agencies in Making and Supporting Plans”, Adoption & Fostering , vol. 26, no 1, p. 25–38.
- Neil, E. 2010. « The Benefits and Challenges of Direct Post-adoption Contact: Perspectives from Adoptive Parents and Birth Relatives », Aloma : Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport, vol 27, p. 89-115.
- NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. 2004. “Affect Dysregulation in the Mother–child Relationship in the Toddler Years: Antecedents and Consequences”, Development and Psychopathology, vol. 16, no 1, p. 43-68.
- Oosterman, M. et C. Schuengel. 2008. “Attachment in Foster Children Associated with Caregivers’ Sensitivity and Behavioral Problems”, Infant Mental Health Journal, vol. 29, no 6, p. 609-623.
- Pederson, D. R. et G. Moran. 1995. “A Categorical Description of Infant-mother Relationships in the Home and its Relation to Q-sort Measures of Infant-mother Interaction”, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, vol. 60, no 2, p. 111-132.
- Poitras, K. et G. M. Tarabulsy. 2016. « Les contacts parent-enfant à la suite du placement en famille d’accueil, la trajectoire de placement et le fonctionnement socioaffectif de l’enfant », dans L’enfant et le litige en matière de protection : psychologie et droit, sous la dir. K. Poitras, C. Baudry et D. Goubau, Québec, Presses de l’Université du Québec, Collection Enfance.
- Ponciano, L. 2010. “Attachment in Foster Care: The Role of Maternal Sensitivity, Adoption, and Foster Mother Experience”, Journal of Child and Adolescent SocialWork , vol. 27, no 2, p. 97-114.
- Quinton, D., A. Rushton, C. Dance et D. Mayes. 1997. “Contact Between Children Placed Away from Home and their Birth Parents: Research Issues and Evidence”, Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol. 2, no 3, p. 393-413.
- Raby, K. L., E. Freedman, H. A. Yarger, T. Lind et M. Dozier. 2019. “Enhancing the Language Development of Toddlers in Foster Care by Promoting Foster Parents’ Sensitivity: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial”, Developmental science , vol. 22, no 2, p. 1-9.
- Robinson, J. L., R. N. Emde et J. Korfmacher. 1997. “Integrating an Emotional Regulation Perspective in a Program of Prenatal and Early Childhood Home Visitation”, Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 25, no 1, p. 59-75.
- Schofield, G. et J. Simmonds. 2011. “Contact for Infants Subject to Care Proceedings”, Adoption & Fostering, vol. 35, no 4, p. 70-74.
- Sen, R. 2010. “Managing Contact in Scotland for Children in Non-permanent Out-of-home Placement”, Child Abuse Review , vol. 19, no 6, p. 423-437.
- Stovall, K. C. et M. Dozier. 2000. “The Development of Attachment in New Relationships: Single Subject Analyses for Ten Foster Infants”, Development and Psychopathology, vol. 12, no 2, p. 133-156.
- Strijker, J. et E. J. Knorth. 2009. “Factors Associated With the Adjustment of Foster Children in the Netherlands”, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol. 79, no 3, p.421-429.
- Stronach, E. P., S. L. Toth, F. Rogosch, A. Oshri, J. T. Manly et D. Cicchetti. 2011. “Child Maltreatment, Attachment Security, and Internal Representations of Mother and Mother–Child Relationships” , Child Maltreatment, vol. 16, no 2, p. 137-145.
- Styron, T. et R. Janoff-Bulman. 1997. “Childhood Attachment and Abuse: Long-term Effects on Adult Attachment, Depression and Conflict Resolution”, Child Abuse and Neglect, vol. 21, no 10, p. 1015–1023.
- Tabachnick, B. G. et L. S. Fidell. 2001. Using multivariate statistics , Boston, Allyn and Bacon.
- Tarabulsy, G. M., E. Avgoustis, J. Phillips, D. R. Pederson et G. Moran. 1997. “Similarities and Differences in Mothers’ and Observers’ Descriptions of Attachment Behaviours”, International Journal of Behavioral Development, vol. 21, no 3, p. 599–619.
- Tarabulsy, G. M., M. A. Provost, S. Bordeleau, C. Trudel-Fitzgerald, G. Moran, D. R. Pederson, M. Trabelsi, J. P. Lemelin et T. Pierce. 2009. “Validation of a Short Version of the Maternal Behavior Q-set Applied to a Brief Video Record of Mother-infant Interaction”, Infant Behavior and Development, vol. 32, no 1, p. 132-136.
- Urquiza, A., S. J. Wirtz, M. S. Peterson et V. A. Singer. 1994. “Screening and Evaluating Abused and Neglected Children Entering Protective Custody”, Child Welfare, vol. 123, no 2, p. 155-171.
- Vaughn, B. E. et E. Waters. 1990. “Attachment Behavior at Home and in the Laboratory: Q-sort Observations and Strange Situation Classifications of One-year-olds”, Child Development, vol. 61, no 6, p. 1965–1973.
- Waters, E. 1995. “Appendix A: The Attachment Q-set (Version 3.0)”, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, vol. 60, no 2, p. 234-246.
- Waters, E. et K. E. Deane. 1985. “Defining and Assessing Individual Differences in Attachment Relationships: Q-methodology and the Organization of Behavior in Infancy and Early Childhood”, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, vol. 50, no 1, p. 41-65.
- West, K. K., B. L. Mathews et K. A. Kerns. 2013. “Mother–child Attachment and Cognitive Performance in Middle Childhood: An Examination of Mediating Mechanisms”, Early Childhood Research Quarterly , vol. 28, no 2, p.259-270.
- Zeanah, C. H., C. Shauffer et M. Dozier. 2011. “Foster Care for Young Children: Why It Must Be”, Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 50, no 12, p.1199-1201.
- Zima, B. T., R. Bussing, S. Freeman, X. Yang, T. R. Belin et S. R. Forness. 2000. “Behavior Problems, Academic Skill Delays and School Failure among School-aged Children in Foster Care: Their Relationship to Placement Characteristics”, Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 9, no 1, p. 87-103.