Résumés
Résumé
L’objectif de cet article est de décrire les programmes de prévention de l’anxiété en milieu scolaire auprès des enfants et des adolescents. Nous rapportons d’abord quelques données sur l’épidémiologie des troubles anxieux, leurs conséquences et les coûts associés afin d’illustrer la pertinence d’intervenir de manière précoce. La section suivante présente le programme Coping Cat, qui a servi d’inspiration aux programmes de prévention. Nous distinguons ensuite les programmes de prévention en milieu scolaire selon leur nature : universelle, sélective et indiquée. L’accent est mis sur le programme FRIENDS, largement diffusé comme programme de prévention et reconnu par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé. Les résultats montrent de façon générale que les interventions sélectives et indiquées donnent des résultats plus importants, en particulier si elles sont animées par des spécialistes en santé mentale. Cependant, elles comportent certains désavantages, comme le fait de ne pas réussir à rejoindre les enfants qui pourraient le plus en bénéficier. Les programmes de prévention universelle rejoignent pour leur part tous les enfants et ils peuvent être implantés par les enseignantes. Les obstacles liés à l’implantation sont toutefois importants. La dernière partie de l’article contient quelques recommandations destinées à améliorer la prévention des troubles anxieux en milieu scolaire.
Abstract
The objective of this article is to present anxiety prevention programs in schools for children and adolescents. We first present some data on the epidemiology of anxiety disorders, their consequences and associated costs, in order to illustrate the relevance of early intervention. The following section presents the program Coping Cat, which served as inspiration for the prevention programs. We then present the school prevention programs according to their nature: universal, selective and indicated. The accent is on the FRIENDS program, widely distributed as a prevention program and recognized by the World Health Organization. The results generally show that selective and indicated interventions yield more significant results, especially if they are led by mental health specialists. However, there are certain disadvantages, such as not being able to reach the children who could most benefit. Universal prevention programs, however, reach all children and can be implemented by teachers, but there are major obstacles to their application. The last part of the article presents some recommendations for improving the prevention of anxiety disorders in schools.
Resumen
En la prevención y el tratamiento de la ansiedad, los enfoques denominados de la tercera ola basados en la plena consciencia se han vuelto cada vez más actuales. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar las estrategias innovadoras basadas en la consciencia plena del tratamiento y la prevención de la ansiedad entre los niños y los adolescentes, particularmente en el medio escolar. Las principales intervenciones basadas en la plena consciencia en el tratamiento de la ansiedad entre los adultos, así como su eficacidad, se presentan al inicio del artículo. Después, se aborda la pertinencia, la factibilidad y la eficacia de dichas intervenciones adaptadas para los niños y los adolescentes, en particular para la prevención de la ansiedad en el medio escolar. Las evaluaciones de las estrategias basadas en la plena consciencia confirman su pertinencia y su eficacidad en el tratamiento y la prevención de la ansiedad entre los niños y los adolescentes. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre la eficacidad realizados en el medio escolar son escasos. La plena consciencia parece no obstante interesante sobre todo porque estimula el desarrollo de las capacidades de atención y de concentración. Además, suscita el interés de los jóvenes y de los diferentes interventores en el medio escolar. Al terminar, se presentan un vistazo de algunos de los retos y ventajas ligadas a la implantación de dichas estrategias en el medio escolar.
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