Résumés
Résumé
La reconnaissance des qualifications obtenues à l’étranger est l’un des grands défis auquel font face les professionnels diplômés à l’international qui veulent accéder au marché du travail, en particulier s’ils sont membres de professions réglementées. Cet article examine la nature de la reconnaissance des qualifications acquises à l’étranger en comparant les réglementations professionnelles des pharmaciens dans quatre pays d’immigration, soit le Canada (l’Ontario et le Québec), l’Australie, la Nouvelle-Zélande et le Royaume-Uni. S’inspirant de la perspective institutionnaliste, l’article soutient que des préjugés sociaux et culturels se manifestent dans l’application des réglementations professionnelles du processus de reconnaissance des qualifications obtenues à l’étranger pour les pharmaciens formés à l’international provenant de pays du Sud. Pour ces derniers, obtenir une équivalence des qualifications est souvent la première étape d’un long processus d’obtention de la licence professionnelle.
Mots-clés :
- Pharmaciens diplômés à l’étranger,
- reconnaissance des qualifications,
- parcours de reconnaissance,
- biais culturels et sociaux,
- perspective institutionnaliste
Abstract
Foreign qualification recognition (FQR) poses one of the most serious challenges to internationally trained foreign workers in accessing labour markets, especially in regulated professions in the host country. This paper focuses on the nature of FQR by examining the professional regulations for pharmacists in four immigrant-receiving countries – Canada (Ontario and Quebec), Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Drawing from the institutionalist perspective, it argues that social and cultural prejudices manifest themselves with the way professional regulations are used as part of the FQR processes for internationally trained pharmacists (ITPs) from the Global South. Obtaining an equivalency for foreign qualifications is often treated as the entry step of a long licensure process.
Keywords:
- Internationally trained pharmacists (ITPs),
- foreign qualification recognition,
- licensure process,
- social and cultural biases,
- institutionalist perspective
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Akkaymak, G., 2016. « Social Network Development Experiences of Immigrants from Turkey to Canada », Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 42, n° 15, p. 2611-2628.
- Australian Pharmacy Council, 2016a. Document You Need. www.pharmacycouncil.org.au [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Australian Pharmacy Council, 2016b. Become a Registered Australian Pharmacist. www.pharmacycouncil.org.au [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Australian Pharmacy Council, 2016c. Sitting an Exam. www.pharmacycouncil.org.au [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Australian Pharmacy Council, 2016d. Overseas Practitioner Registration. www.pharmacyboard.gov.au/Registration/Overseas.aspx [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- Aydemir, A. et M. Skuterud, 2005. « Explaining the Deteriorating Entry Earnings of Canada’s immigrant cohorts, 1966-2000 », Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’économique, vol. 38, n° 2, p. 641-672.
- Banerjee, R. et B. Y. Lee, 2015. « Decreasing the Recent Immigrant Earnings Gap: The Impact of Canadian Credential Attainment », International Migration, vol. 53, n° 2, p. 205-218.
- Bauder, H., 2003. « “Brain Abuse”, or the Devaluation of Immigrant Labour in Canada », Antipode, vol. 35, n° 4, p. 699-717.
- Blain, M.-J., S. Fortin et F. Alvarez, 2017. « Professional Journeys of International Medical Graduates in Quebec: Recognition, Uphill Battles, or Career Change », Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 18, n° 1, p. 223-247.
- Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs (CCAPP), 2016. About us. http://ccapp-accredit.ca/ccapp/ [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- Ferrer, A. et W. C. Riddell, 2008. « Education, Credentials, and Immigrant Earnings », Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’économique, vol. 41, n° 1, p. 186-216.
- Frank, K., 2013. « Immigrant Employment Success in Canada: Examining the Rate of Obtaining a Job Match », International Migration Review, vol. 47, n° 1, p. 76-105.
- Friedberg, R. M. et J. Hunt, 1995. « The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and Growth », The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 9, n° 2, p. 23-44.
- Fu, C. et R. D. Hickey, 2013. The Cost of Regulatory Federalism: Does Provincial Labour Market Regulation Impede the Integration of Canadian Immigrants? Vancouver, Metropolis British Columbia.
- General Pharmaceutical Council, 2016a. UK-recognized Pharmacist Qualifications. https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/registration/registering-pharmacist/uk-recognised-pharmacist-qualifications [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- General Pharmaceutical Council, 2016b. Overseas Pharmacists’ Assessment Program. https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/education/pharmacist/overseas-pharmacists-assessment-programme [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- General Pharmaceutical Council, 2015. Overseas Pharmacists Assessment Program: Information and Application Pack. Londres, General Pharmaceutical Council.
- Girard, E. R. et H. Bauder, 2007. « Assimilation and Exclusion of Foreign Trained Engineers in Canada: Inside a Professional Regulatory Organization », Antipode, vol. 39, n° 1, p. 35-53.
- Girard, M. et M. Smith, 2013. « Working in a Regulated Occupation in Canada: An Immigrant-Native Born Comparison », Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 14, n° 2, p. 219-244.
- Gomez, R., M. Gunderson, X. Huang, et T. Zhang, 2015. « Do Immigrants Gain or Lose by Occupational Licensing? », Canadian Public Policy, vol. 41 (Supplément 1), p. 80-97.
- Guo, S. 2007. « Tracing the Roots of Non-Recognition of Foreign Credentials », Canadian Issues, Spring, p. 36-38.
- Hawthorne, L., 2013. Recognizing Foreign Qualifications: Emerging Global Trends, Migration Policy Institute, Washington DC. www.migrationpolicy.org/research/recognizing-foreign-qualifications-emerging-global-trends [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- Hawthorne, L., 2015. « The Impact of Skilled Migration on Foreign Qualification Recognition Reform in Australia », Canadian Public Policy, vol. 41 (Supplément 1), p. 173-187.
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, 2015. Global Pharmacy Workforce Intelligence. La Haye, International Pharmaceutical Federation. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1472052/ [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- Ontario College of Pharmacists, 2016a. Structured Practical Training. www.ocpinfo.com/registration/training-exams/spt/ [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- Ontario College of Pharmacists, 2016b. International Pharmacy Graduate. www.ocpinfo.com/registration/register-pharmacist/ipg/ [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- Ordre des pharmaciens du Québec, 2016a. Demande de permis. www.opq.org/fr-CA/etudiants-et-residents/demande-de-permis/ [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- Ordre des pharmaciens du Québec, 2016b. Guide du Stagiaire Internat. www.opq.org/cms/Media/423_38_fr-CA_0_2016_03_15_guide_stagiaire_internat.pdf [consulté le 17 mai 2019].
- Owusu, Y. et A. Sweetman, 2015. « Regulated Health Professions: Outcomes by Place of Birth and Training », Canadian Public Policy, vol. 41 (Supplément 1), p. S98-S115.
- Pharmacy Board of Australia, 2015. Provisional Registration for Internship: Requirements and Responsibilities. www.pharmacyboard.gov.au/Registration/Internships.aspx#internships [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Pharmacy Board of Australia 2016. Internship. www.pharmacyboard.gov.au/Registration/Internships.aspx [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Pharmacy Council of New Zealand, 2015. Information booklet for overseas pharmacists applying for registration through the Non-Recognised Equivalent Qualifications Route (Non-REQR). https://www.pharmacycouncil.org.nz/pharmacists-wanting-to-register-in-new-zealand/pharmacists-registered-overseas/pharmacists-from-other-countries/ [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Pharmacy Council of New Zealand, 2016a. Qualifications and Training. www.pharmacycouncil.org.nz/ [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Pharmacy Council of New Zealand, 2016b. Intern Training Programme Policy. www.pharmacycouncil.org.nz/ [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Pharmacy Council of New Zealand, 2016c. Pharmacists from Canada, Ireland, UK, and USA. www.pharmacycouncil.org.nz/ [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada, 2016. Pharmacist Evaluating Examination – Introduction. www.pebc.ca/ [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Reitz, J. G., 2001. « Immigrant Skill Utilization in the Canadian Labour Market: Implications of Human Capital Research », Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 2, n° 3, p. 347-378.
- Scott, W. R., 2008. « Approaching Adulthood: The Maturing of Institutional Theory », Theory and Society, vol. 37, n° 5, p. 427-442.
- Scott, W. R., 2005. « Institutional Theory: Contributing to a Theoretical Research Program », in K. G. Smith et M. A. Hitt (dir.), Great Minds in Management. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 460-484.
- Scott, W. R., 1995. Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, Sage.
- Shan, H., 2009. « Shaping the Re-Training and Re-Education Experiences of Immigrant Women: The Credential and Certificate Regime in Canada », International Journal of Lifelong Education, vol. 28, n° 3, p. 353-369.
- Streeck, W. et K. A. Thelen, 2005. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Sweetman, A., J. T. McDonald et L. Hawthorne, 2015. « Occupational Regulation and Foreign Qualification Recognition: An Overview », Canadian Public Policy, vol. 41 (Supplément 1), p. 1-13.
- Université de Montréal, 2016a. Doctorat de premier cycle en pharmacie (Pharm. D.). https://pharm.umontreal.ca/etudes/premier-cycle/doctorat-de-premier-cycle-en-pharmacie-pharm-d/ [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Université de Montréal, 2016b. Diplôme de qualification en pharmacie (QeP). https://pharm.umontreal.ca/etudes/premier-cycle/qualification-en-pharmacie-qep/ [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- Université Laval, 2016. Doctorat de premier cycle en pharmacie. https://www.pha.ulaval.ca/etudes/programmes/doctorat-de-premier-cycle-en-pharmacie/ [consulté le 2 avril 2017].
- University of Toronto, 2016. International Pharmacy Graduate Program. http://cpd.pharmacy.utoronto.ca/programs/ipgcanada/course-dates.html
- Warman, C., A. Sweetman et G. Goldmann, 2015. « The Portability of New Immigrants' Human Capital: Language, Education, and Occupational Skills », Canadian Public Policy, vol. 41 (Supplément 1), p. 64-79.