Résumés
Abstract
The role of verbal communication in the transmission of prejudice has received much theoretical attention (Hecht, 1998; Le Couteur & Augoustinos, 2001), including the features of the linguistic intergroup bias (Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, & Semin, 1989), yet few studies have examined the acquisition of an out-group language as a factor in mitigating prejudicial speech. The conditions under which minority Canadian Francophones use linguistic bias when communicating about the in- and out-group (i.e., Canadian Anglophones) were investigated. Data was collected from 110 Francophone students. Predictions were confirmed but only when out-group identification was considered. Further, out-group identification and second language confidence were both related to a decrease in out-group derogation; however, the same factors appear to promote linguistically biased speech toward the in-group. Results are discussed within current intergroup communication theory.
Keywords:
- linguistic intergroup bias,
- ethnolinguistic identification,
- second language confidence
Résumé
Le rôle de la communication verbale dans la transmission des préjugés a reçu une attention soutenue. Par l’application du paradigme du biais linguistique intergroupe (Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, & Semin, 1989), cette étude examine les conditions dans lesquelles des Canadiens français minoritaires font preuves de biais linguistique lorsqu’ils parlent de l’endo- et de l’exogroupe (les Canadiens anglais). Des données furent donc recueillies auprès de 110 étudiants francophones. Les résultats confirmèrent les prédictions, mais seulement lorsque l’identification à l’exogroupe était élevée. De plus, l’identification à l’exogroupe et la confiance langagière en langue seconde étaient toutes deux reliées à une diminution de la dérogation de l’autre groupe; cependant, ces mêmes facteurs semblent promouvoir des paroles biaisées à l’égard de l’endogroupe. Les résultats sont interprétés dans le cadre des théories de la communication intergroupe.
Mots clés:
- biais linguistique intergroupe,
- identité ethnolinguistique,
- confiance langagière en langue seconde
Parties annexes
References
- Berry, J. W. (1990). Psychology of acculturation. In J. J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1989: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 201-234). Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.
- Bourhis, R.Y. (2001). Acculturation, language maintenance, and language shift. In J. Klatter-Folmer & P. Van Avermaet (Eds.), Theories on maintenance and loss of minority languages. Towards a more integrated explanatory framework (pp. 5-37). Munster & New York: Waxmann.
- Bourhis, R. Y., & Maass, A. (2004). Linguistic prejudice and stereotypes. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, K. J., Mattheier & P. Trudgill (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society, 2nd edition (pp. 1587-1602). New York: Walter De Gruyter.
- Bourhis, R. Y., & Lepicq, D. (1993). Québécois French and language issues in Québec. In R. Posner & J. N. Green (Eds.), Trends in romance linguistic and philology: Bilingualism and linguistic conflict in romance (Vol. 5) (pp. 345-381). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Brauer, M., & Bourhis, R. Y. (2006). Social power. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 601-616.
- Clément, R., & Baker, S. C. (2001). Measuring social aspects of L2 acquisition and use: Scale characteristics and administration. Research Bulletin no 1, School of Psychology, Language Research Laboratory. University of Ottawa.
- Clément, R., Gardner, R. C., & Smythe, P. C. (1977). Motivational variables in second language acquistion: A study of Francophones learning English. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 9, 123-133.
- Clément, R., & Kruidenier, B. G. (1985). Aptitude, attitude and motivation in second language proficiency: A test of Clément’s model. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4, 21-37.
- Clément, R., & Noels, K. A. (1992). Towards a situated approach to ethnolinguistic identity: The effects of status on individuals and groups. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 11, 203-232.
- Devine, P.G., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited. In C. Stangor (Ed.), Stereotypes and prejudice: Essential readings (pp. 86-99). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
- de Vries, J. (1994). Canada’s official language communities: An overview of the current demolinguistic situation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 105/106, 37-68.
- Fiedler, K., & Schmid, J. (2001). How language contributes to persistence of stereotypes as well as other, more general, intergroup issues. In R. Brown & S. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 261-280). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
- Franco, F. M., & Maass, A. (1996). Implicit versus explicit strategies of out-group discrimination: The role of intentional control in biased language use and reward allocation. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 335-359.
- Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
- Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., & Taylor, D. M. (1977). Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In H. Giles (Ed.), Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations (pp. 307-348). New York: Academic Press.
- Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1990). Ethnic identity, language and communication breakdowns. In H. Giles & W. P. Robinson (Eds.), Handbook of Languages and Social Psychology (pp. 307-327). London, UK: J. Wiley and Sons.
- Hecht, M. L. (1998). Communicating Prejudice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Irishnakova, K., Röcklinsberg, C., Ozolina, O., & Zaharia, I. A. (2004). Empathy as part of cultural mediation. In G. Zarate, A. Gohard-Radenkovic, D. Lussier & H. Penz (Eds.), Cultural mediation in language learning and teaching (pp. 101-131). Kapfenberg: Council of Europe Publishing.
- Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, & B. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 79-94). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
- Lambert, W. E. (1978). Cognitive and socio-cultural consequences of bilingualism. Canadian Modern Language Review, 34, 537-547.
- Lambert, W., Hodgson, R., Gardner, R., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 44-51.
- Landry, R., & Allard, R. (1990). Contact des langues et développement bilingue : Un modèle macroscopique. Canadian Modern Language Review, 46, 527-553.
- Le Couteur, A., & Augoustinos, M. (2001). The language of prejudice and racism. In M. Augoustinos & K. J. Reynolds (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism and social conflict (pp. 215-230). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Maass, A. (1999). Linguistic intergroup bias: Stereotype perpetuation through language, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 79-121.
- Maass, A., Ceccarelli, R., & Rudin, R. (1996). Linguistic intergroup bias: Evidence for in-group-protective motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 512-526.
- Maass, A., Karasawa, M., Politi, F., & Suga, S. (2006). Do verbs and adjectives play different roles in different cultures? A cross-linguistic analysis of person representation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 734-750.
- Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L., & Semin, G. (2000). Language use in intergroup contexts: The linguistic intergroup bias. In C. Stangor (Ed.), Stereotypes and prejudice: Essential readings (pp. 191-209). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
- Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L., & Semin, G. (1989). Language use in intergroup contexts: The linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 981-993.
- Mougeon, R., & Beniak, Ë. (1991). Linguistic Consequences of Language Contact and Restriction: The case of French in Ontario, Canada. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Noels, K. A., & Clément, R. (1996). Communicating across cultures: Social determinants and acculturative consequences. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28, 214-228.
- Noels, K. A., Pon, G., & Clément, R. (1996). Language, identity, and adjustment: The role of linguistic self-confidence in the acculturation process. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 246-264.
- Overbeck, J. R., Tiendens, L. Z., & Brion, S. (2006). The powerful want to, the powerless have to: Perceived constraint moderates causal attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 479-496.
- Rubenfeld, S., Clément, R. Vinograd, J., Lussier, D., Amireault, V., Lebrun, M., & Auger, R. (2007). Becoming a cultural intermediary: A further social corollary of second language mastery. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26, 182-203.
- Rubenfeld, S., Clément, R., Lussier, D., Lebrun, M., & Auger, R. (2006). Second language learning and cultural representations: Beyond competence and identity. Language Learning, 56, 609-631.
- Semin, G. R., & Fiedler, K. (1988). Relocating attributional phenomena within a language-cognition interface: The case of actors’ and observers’ perspectives. European Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 491-508.
- Seta, C. E., Schmidt, S., & Bookhout, C. M. (2006). Social identity orientation and social role attributions: Explaining behaviour through the lens of the self. Self and Identity, 5, 355-364.
- Statistics Canada (2001). Community profile for languages first learned and still understood: Ottawa, Census 2001. Retrieved November 2007 from www.statcan.ca.
- Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
- von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Vargas, P. (1997). The linguistic intergroup bias as an implicit indicator of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 490-509.
- Wigboldus, D. H. J., Spears, R., & Semin, G. R. (2005). When do we communicate stereotypes? Influence of the social context on the linguistic expectancy bias. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 215-230.
- Wright, S. C., & Tropp, C. R. (2005). Language and intergroup contact: Investigating the impact of bilingual instruction on children’s intergroup attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 309-328.