Résumés
Résumé
Contexte : L’Amérique du Nord subit une vague sans précédent de surdoses, souvent liées aux opioïdes. Elle touche les personnes utilisatrices de drogues, mais également celles qui consomment des opioïdes prescrits. Plusieurs stratégies sont utilisées pour réduire les méfaits et les décès liés aux surdoses. Cette étude vise à identifier les stratégies nord-américaines en réponse à la crise, ainsi que les obstacles et les facilitateurs dans leur développement et leur accès.
Méthodologie : Une analyse du contenu explicite de revues systématiques a été réalisée. La recherche documentaire a été faite dans les bases de données CINAHL, Medline, PsychINFO et PubMed en utilisant les lignes directrices PRISMA. Une évaluation de la qualité des articles retenus a été réalisée en utilisant l’outil d’évaluation du programme de compétences en évaluation critique (CASP).
Résultats : Neuf revues systématiques ont été retenues et concernaient des stratégies ciblant : la prescription d’opioïdes ou d’alternatives ; la distribution de naloxone ; les interventions psychosociales en conjonction avec les traitements aux agonistes des opioïdes ; et la recherche sur le trouble d’utilisation de substances opioïdes. Plusieurs obstacles et éléments facilitateurs ont été identifiés en lien avec ces stratégies. Elles sont le plus souvent déployées sur les plans communautaire et social, à grande échelle, et rarement sur les plans individuel et interpersonnel.
Conclusions : Cette étude a identifié des stratégies utilisées en Amérique du Nord face à la crise des opioïdes, leurs facilitateurs et leurs obstacles. À l’exception de la distribution de naloxone, les stratégies évaluées n’avaient que peu ou pas d’efficacité démontrée pour prévenir les surdoses ou les méfaits associés. Une réflexion s’impose quant à l’arrimage entre la recherche et les besoins des personnes à risque de surdose afin de réduire les complications et les décès liés aux opioïdes. Pour y arriver, il est nécessaire d’individualiser les stratégies en fonction des besoins des personnes.
Mots-clés :
- opioïde,
- surdose,
- décès,
- naloxone,
- stratégie,
- crise
Abstract
Background : North America is experiencing an unprecedented wave of overdoses, often related to opioids. It affects not only people who use drugs, but also those who use prescribed opioids. Several strategies are being used to reduce the harm and deaths associated with overdoses. This study aims to identify North American strategies in response to the crisis, as well as the barriers and facilitators to their development and access.
Methods: A review of systematic reviews was conducted. The literature search was conducted in the CINAHL, Medline, PsychINFO and PubMed databases using PRISMA guidelines. A quality assessment of the selected articles was conducted using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) assessment tool.
Results: Nine systematic reviews were selected for strategies targeting: the prescription of opioids or alternatives; naloxone distribution ; psychosocial interventions in conjunction with opioid agonist therapy; and research on opioid use disorder. Several barriers and facilitators were identified in relation to these strategies. They are most often deployed at the community and societal levels, on a large scale, and rarely at the individual and interpersonal levels.
Conclusions: This study identified strategies used in North America to address the opioid crisis, their facilitators, and barriers. Except for naloxone distribution, the strategies evaluated had little or no demonstrated effectiveness in preventing overdose or associated harms. Thought needs to be given to linking research to the needs of people at risk of overdose in order to reduce opioid-related complications and deaths. To achieve this, it is necessary to individualize strategies based on the needs of individuals.
Keywords:
- opioid,
- overdose,
- death,
- naloxone,
- strategy,
- crisis
Resumen
Contexto: América del Norte sufre una ola sin precedentes de sobredosis, a menudo relacionadas con los opioides, que afecta a las personas consumidoras de drogas e igualmente a quienes consumen opioides prescriptos. Se utilizan varias estrategias para reducir los daños y las muertes ligadas a las sobredosis. Este estudio tiene como objetivo la identificación de las estrategias norteamericanas en respuesta a la crisis, así como los obstáculos y los facilitadores en su desarrollo y su acceso.
Metodología: Se ha llevado a cabo un análisis del contenido explícito de revisiones sistemáticas. La búsqueda documental se ha realizado en las bases de datos CINAHL, Medline, PsychINFO y PubMed, utilizando las líneas directrices de PRISMA. Se ha hecho una evaluación de la calidad de los artículos retenidos utilizando la herramienta de evaluación del programa de competencias en evaluación crítica (CASP).
Resultados: Se retuvieron nueve revisiones sistemáticas concernientes a estrategias enfocadas en lo siguiente: la prescripción de opioides o de alternativas; la distribución de naloxona; las intervenciones psicosociales juntamente con los tratamientos con agonistas de los opioides y la investigación sobre el trastorno de utilización de sustancias opioides. Se identificaron numerosos obstáculos y elementos facilitadores relacionados con estas estrategias, que a menudo se aplican en los planos comunitario y social en gran escala y raramente en el plano individual o interpersonal.
Conclusiones: Este estudio ha identificado estrategias utilizadas en América del Norte ante la crisis de los opioides, sus facilitadores y sus obstáculos. Con la excepción de la distribución de naloxona, las estrategias evaluadas presentaban poca o ninguna eficacia demostrada para prevenir las sobredosis o los daños relacionados. Se impone una reflexión en lo que respecta al acercamiento entre la investigación y las necesidades de las personas que están a riesgo de sobredosis para poder reducir las complicaciones y las muertes ligadas a los opioides. Para lograrlo, es necesario individualizar las estrategias en función de las necesidades de las personas.
Palabras clave:
- opioide,
- sobredosis,
- muerte,
- naloxona,
- estrategia,
- crisis
Parties annexes
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