Résumés
Résumé
Différentes manières de boire l’alcool sont perceptibles et différentes manières de concevoir la consommation d’alcool le sont également. Afin de « départager » ou « distinguer » les individus et groupes sociaux selon leur pratique de boire, différentes approches conceptuelles ont été utilisées à travers les époques, proposant des classifications des buveurs et buveuses en grands types. Un « type » est une conception abstraite qui regroupe et distingue les sujets ou les objets à partir de traits qu’ils ont en commun. En alcoologie, certaines typologies visent précisément à distinguer les buveurs problématiques ou pathologiques des buveurs non problématiques ou non pathologiques. D’autres typologies visent plutôt à distinguer les sociétés en fonction des pratiques de boire dominantes dans la population. Afin de souligner la contribution de chercheurs d’horizons d’études divers au développement de typologies en alcoologie et d’exposer l’historicité d’un domaine de recherche multidisciplinaire, ce texte fait état des connaissances des recherches typologiques du XXe et XXIe siècle des approches pathologiques et socioculturelles afin d’ouvrir la discussion sur les défis futurs en alcoologie des populations.
Mots-clés :
- études typologiques,
- alcoologie,
- histoire
Abstract
Just as there are different ways of drinking alcohol, there are also different ways of conceptualizing the consumption of alcohol. In order to “separate” or “distinguish” individuals and social groups according to their drinking practices, different conceptual approaches have been proposed over the years, including classifications of drinking types. A “type” is an abstract concept that groups and distinguishes subjects or objects based on common characteristics. In alcohology, certain typologies aim to precisely distinguish problematic or pathological drinkers from non-problematic or non-pathological drinkers. Other typologies seek rather to distinguish societies based on dominant drinking practices within the population. Highlighting how researchers from a wide variety of backgrounds have contributed to the development of alcohology typologies and presenting the historic nature of a multidisciplinary field of research, this article examines the findings of pathological and sociocultural approaches to typology research in the 20th and 21st centuries and sheds light on future challenges in the alcohology of populations.
Keywords:
- typological studies,
- alcohology,
- history
Resumen
Diferentes maneras de consumir alcohol son perceptibles, como lo son también diferentes maneras de concebir el consumo de alcohol. Con el objetivo de “separar” o “distinguir” a los individuos y a los grupos sociales según su práctica de consumo de bebida, se han utilizado, a través de las épocas, diferentes enfoques conceptuales que proponen clasificar a los bebedores y bebedoras en grandes tipos. Un “tipo” es una concepción abstracta que agrupa y distingue a los sujetos o los objetos a partir de rasgos que tienen en común. En alcohología, ciertas tipologías apuntan precisamente a distinguir a los bebedores problemáticos o patológicos de los bebedores no problemáticos o no patológicos. Otras tipologías están destinadas más bien a distinguir a las sociedades en función de las prácticas de bebida dominantes en la población. Con el objetivo de destacar la contribución de investigadores de diferentes horizontes en el desarrollo de las tipologías en alcohología y de exponer la historicidad de un campo de investigación multidisciplinario, en este texto se exponen los conocimientos de las investigaciones tipológicas del siglo XX y XXI sobre los enfoques patológicos y socioculturales, buscando abrir el debate sobre los desafíos futuros en materia de alcohología de las poblaciones.
Palabras clave:
- estudios tipológicos,
- alcohología,
- historia
Parties annexes
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