Résumés
Résumé
Trois élaborations théoriques et cliniques portant sur la motivation au changement sont résumées, ainsi que les études d’efficacité de leurs applications à l’intervention en alcoolisme et toxicomanie auprès des adultes. L’entretien motivationnel est le plus répandu des trois dans le champ de l’intervention en dépendance en raison de sa centration sur les pratiques cliniques les plus efficaces pour favoriser la sortie de l’ambivalence. Souvent utilisé sous forme d’intervention brève, il est plus efficace que l’absence de traitement, mais est comparable aux autres modèles d’intervention reconnus. La théorie de l’autodétermination est une théorie générale de compréhension de la motivation, la caractérisant d’intrinsèque ou d’extrinsèque, cette dernière étant nuancée en fonction de son degré d’autodétermination. Elle postule qu’un contexte favorisant l’autonomie et l’augmentation du sentiment de compétence est plus favorable pour l’internalisation de la motivation au changement. Les rares études appliquées au champ de la toxicomanie permettent de constater que les concepts issus de la théorie de l’autodétermination prédisent certains comportements avant, pendant et après le traitement et facilitent la compréhension des processus favorisant l’internalisation de la motivation. La théorie des préoccupations actuelles postule que la quête de buts est l’élément clé permettant de comprendre le comportement. La modification de comportement est d’abord un changement de buts. Les buts sont choisis en fonction du bénéfice émotionnel anticipé lié à leur réalisation. Le traitement (counseling motivationnel systématique) passe donc par une analyse systématique des buts recherchés et de leurs interactions positives ou négatives avec la consommation de substances psychoactives. Quelques études appuient l’utilité du modèle d’intervention. Les trois élaborations théorico-cliniques sont complémentaires. L’entretien motivationnel propose des stratégies d’intervention alors que les théories de l’autodétermination et des préoccupations actuelles offrent des cadres conceptuels globaux expliquant l’efficacité observée de l’entretien motivationnel et mettent de l’avant des stratégies complémentaires d’intervention. Les trois théories/modèles ne présentent pas d’opposition et leur meilleure intégration à la pratique clinique en alcoolisme et toxicomanie est certainement souhaitable.
Mots-clés :
- Entretien motivationnel,
- théorie de l’autodétermination,
- théorie des préoccupations actuelles,
- counseling motivationnel systématique,
- alcoolisme,
- toxicomanie,
- adultes
Abstract
Three motivational theories / models and studies verifying their efficacy in the field of substance abuse among adults are synthesized. Among them, Motivational Interviewing is the most common in the field of substance abuse treatment, mostly because of its practical orientation toward best practices favouring transformation of ambivalence. Frequently used as a brief intervention, Motivational Interviewing is more efficient than no intervention but is equivalent to recognized treatments. Self-Determination Theory is a general motivational theory, describing motivation as intrinsic or extrinsic, the latest being subcategorized by its self-determination degree. A context promoting autonomy and competence encourage motivation internalisation. Few studies applying this theory to the substance abuse field show that concepts emerging from self-determination theory help to predict some behaviours manifested before, during and after treatment, thus facilitating a better understanding of the motivation’s internalisation processes. Theory of Current Concerns stipulate goals quest as the key element underlying behaviour. Behaviour modification is essentially a goal modification. The goal choices are based on emotional benefits estimated from their anticipated realisation. Consequently, treatment (Systematic Motivational Counseling) is based on a systematic analysis of goals quests and their positive or negative interactions with substance use. Sparse studies give support to the treatment model. The three conceptual / clinical models are complementary. Motivational Interviewing proposes treatment strategies whereas Self-Determination Theory and Theory of Current Concerns offer global conceptual frameworks explaining the observed efficacy of Motivational Interviewing and proposing complementary clinical strategies. The three theories or models do not present oppositions and their integration in the substance abuse clinical practice would be worthwhile.
Keywords:
- Motivational interviewing,
- self-determination theory,
- systematic motivational counseling,
- alcoholism,
- substance dependence,
- adults
Resumen
Se resumen aquí tres análisis teóricos y clínicos sobre la motivación para el cambio, así como los estudios de eficacia de sus aplicaciones en la intervención con el alcoholismo y la toxicomanía en adultos. El mantenimiento motivacional es el más difundido de los tres en el campo de la intervención ante la dependencia, debido a que se centra en las prácticas clínicas más eficaces para favorecer la salida de la ambivalencia. Utilizado a menudo como forma de intervención breve, es más eficaz que la ausencia de tratamiento, pero es comparable a los otros modelos de intervención reconocidos. La teoría de la autodeterminación es una teoría general de comprensión de la motivación, a la que caracteriza como intrínseca o extrínseca, estando esta última matizada en función de su grado de autodeterminación. La teoría postula que un contexto que favorezca la autonomía y el aumento de un sentimiento de competencia es más favorable para la internalización de la motivación al cambio. Los raros estudios aplicados al campo de la toxicomanía permiten constatar que los conceptos surgidos de la teoría de la autodeterminación predicen ciertos comportamientos antes, durante y después del tratamiento y facilitan la comprensión de los procesos que favorecen la internalización de la motivación. La teoría de las preocupaciones actuales postula que la búsqueda de objetivos es el elemento clave que permite comprender el comportamiento. La modificación del comportamiento es, en primer lugar, un cambio de objetivos. Los objetivos se escogen en función del beneficio emocional anticipado relacionado con su realización. El tratamiento (asesoramiento motivacional sistemático) consiste entonces en un análisis sistemático de los objetivos buscados y de sus interacciones positivas o negativas con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Algunos estudios apoyan la utilidad del modelo de intervención. Los tres postulados teórico-clínicos son complementarios. El mantenimiento motivacional propone estrategias de intervención mientras que la teoría de la autodeterminación y la de las preocupaciones actuales ofrecen marcos conceptuales globales que explican la eficacia observada del mantenimiento motivacional y proponen estrategias complementarias de intervención. Las tres teorías o modelos no se oponen y es por cierto deseable una mejor integración de las mismas en la práctica clínica en alcoholismo y toxicomanía.
Palabras clave:
- Mantenimiento motivacional,
- teoría de la autodeterminación,
- teoría de las preocupaciones actuales,
- asesoramiento motivacional sistemático,
- alcoholismo,
- toxicomanía,
- adultos
Parties annexes
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