Résumés
Abstract
Encouraging a new way for non-Indigenous researchers to think reflexively through their positionality and relationship with Indigenous peoples, lands, and claims for decolonization in their research, this paper introduces the concept of anti-colonial reflexivity. Anti-colonial reflexivity describes the slow process of looking into our genealogies, not simply to locate the names of ancestors in a family tree, but to attempt to critically understand the sociopolitical worlds in which they lived in order to trace our lineage in relation to settler colonization. As an intervention into reflexive practice, anti-colonial reflexivity seeks to re-personalize the settler colonial past and present, and to make reflexivity a practice that develops new self-understanding and accountability.
Keywords:
- Anti-colonial reflexivity,
- Anti-colonial methodologies,
- settler,
- non-Indigenous,
- settler colonialism
Résumé
Cet article présente le concept de réflexivité anticoloniale, qui encourage les chercheurs non autochtones à réfléchir à leur position et à leur relation avec les peuples et les terres autochtones, ainsi qu’aux revendications de décolonisation dans le cadre de leurs travaux de recherche. La réflexivité anticoloniale décrit le lent processus d’examen de nos généalogies, non pas simplement pour localiser les noms des ancêtres dans un arbre généalogique, mais pour tenter de comprendre de manière critique les mondes sociopolitiques dans lesquels ils ont vécu afin de retracer notre lignée par rapport à la colonisation. En tant qu’intervention dans la pratique réflexive, la réflexivité anticoloniale cherche à repersonnaliser le passé et le présent des colons et à faire de la réflexivité une pratique qui développe une nouvelle compréhension de soi et une nouvelle responsabilité.
Mots-clés :
- Réflexivité anticoloniale,
- méthodologies anticoloniales,
- colonisateur,
- non-autochtone,
- colonialisme de peuplement
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Absolon, K. E. (2022). Kaandossiwin: How we come to know Indigenous re-search methodologies (2nd ed.). Fernwood Publishing.
- Alfred, T. (2023). It’s all about the land: Collected talks and interviews on Indigenous resurgence. University of Toronto Press.
- Amnesty International. (2022, July 2). 10 Ways to be a genuine ally to First Nations communities. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org.au/10-ways-to-be-an-ally-to-first-nations-communities/
- Bell, A., Yukich, R., Lythberg, B., & Woods, C. (2021). Enacting settler responsibilities towards decolonisation. Ethnicities, 22(5), 605–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968211062675
- Bourke, B. (2020). Leaving behind the rhetoric of allyship. Whiteness and Education, 5(2), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2020.1839786
- Carlson, E. (2017). Anti-colonial methodologies and practices for settler colonial studies. Settler Colonial Studies, 7(4), 496–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1241213
- Carlson, E. C. (2016). Relational Accountability and the Stories of White Settler Anti-colonial and Decolonial Activists [Doctoral dissertation, University of Manitoba]. https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/handle/1993/32028/carlson_elizabeth.pdf
- Carlson-Manathara, E., & Rowe, G. (2021). Living in Indigenous Sovereignty. Fernwood Publishing.
- Guay, C., Ellington, L., & Vollant, N. (2022). KA NIKANITET: Pour une pratique culturellement sécuritaire de la protection de la jeunesse en contextes autochtones (1st ed.). Presses de l’Université du Québec. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2xn16dk
- Cook, A. (2018). Recognizing settler ignorance in the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.5206/fpq/2018.4.6229
- Craft, A., Star, L., & Kennedy, D. (2021). Foreward. In E. Carlson-Manathara & G. Rowe (Eds.), Living in Indigenous sovereignty (pp. 1–3). Fernwood Publishing.
- Crean, S. (2009). Both sides now: Designing white men and the other side of history. In G. Younging, J. Dewar, & M. DeGagné (Eds.), Response, Responsibility, and Renewal: Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Journey (pp. 61–68). Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
- Croteau, K., Molgat, M., Wylde, C., & Matsunaga, J. (in press). Allyship, réflexivité et humilité: Analyse critique d’une prise de position vers la décolonisation en travail social universitaire. Cahiers Du CIERA.
- Davis, L., Sinclair, R., & Denis, J. (2020). Pathways of settler decolonization. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
- Day, I. (2018). Settler colonialism in Asian North American representation. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature. Oxford University Press https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.795
- Fee, M., & Russell, L. (2007). ‘Whiteness’ and ‘Aboriginality’ in Canada and Australia: Conversations and identities. Feminist Theory, 8(2), 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700107078141
- Fortier, C., & Wong, E. H.-S. (2019). The settler colonialism of social work and the social work of settler colonialism. Settler Colonial Studies, 9(4), 437–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2018.1519962
- Foucault, M. (1977). Nietzsche, Genealogy, History. In D. F. Bouchard (Ed.), Language, counter-memory, practice: Selected essays and interviews (pp. 139–164). Cornell University Press.
- Francis, M. (2011). Creative subversions: Whiteness, Indigeneity, and the national imaginary. UBC Press.
- Freeman, V. J. (2002). Distant relations: How my ancestors colonized North America. McClelland & Stewart.
- Garland, D. (2014). What is a “history of the present”? On Foucault’s genealogies and their critical preconditions. Punishment & Society, 16(4), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474514541711
- Gehl, L. (2012). My ally bill of responsibilities. Lynn Gehl, PhD, Gii-Zhigaate Mnidookwe - Algonquin Anishinaabe. https://www.lynngehl.com/ally-bill-of-responsibilities.html
- Hart, M. A. (2010). Indigenous worldviews, knowledge, and research: The development of an Indigenous research paradigm. Journal of Indigenous Voices in Social Work, 1(1), 1–16.
- Heaslip, A. M. (2014). Non-Indigenous ally. In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Action Research. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446294406
- Hershkovitz, A., & Hardof-Jaffe, S. (2017). Genealogy as a lifelong learning endeavor. Leisure/Loisir, 41(4), 535–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2017.1399817
- Huygens, I. (2011). Developing a decolonisation practice for settler colonisers: A case study from Aotearoa New Zealand. Settler Colonial Studies, 1(2), 53–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2011.10648812
- Joplin, R. (2020). Through a white woman’s tears: Fragility, guilt, and the journey towards allyship. In Nieman, F., Nieman, Y.F., Gutierez, G., & Gonzalez, C.G. (Eds.), Presumed incompetent II: Race, class, power and resistance of women in academia (pp. 215–222). Utah State University Press. https://doi.org/10.7330/9781607329664
- Khan, M., & Absolon, K. (2021). Meeting on a bridge: Opposing whiteness in social work education and practice. Canadian Social Work Review / Revue Canadienne de Service Social, 38(2), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.7202/1086124ar
- Kizuk, S. (2020). Settler shame: A critique of the role of shame in settler–Indigenous relationships in Canada. Hypatia, 35(1), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1017/hyp.2019.8
- Kovach, M., & Montgomery, H. M. (2010). What kind of learning? For what purpose? Reflections on a critical adult education approach to online social work and education courses serving Indigenous distance learners. Critical Social Work, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.22329/csw.v11i1.5813
- Library and Archives Canada. (2013, April 10). Scottish. https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/history-ethnic-cultural/Pages/scottish.aspx
- Linklater, R (2014). Decolonizing trauma work: Indigenous stories and strategies. Fernwood Publishing.
- Matsunaga, J. (2020). Unsettling claims of belonging: Deconstructing Canada through four generations of stories on Turtle Island. Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry, 12(2), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.18733/cpi29573
- McGuire-Adams, T. (2020). Indigenous feminist gikendaasowin (knowledge): Decolonization through physical activity. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56806-1
- McGuire-Adams, T. (2021). Settler allies are made, not self-proclaimed: Unsettling conversations for non-Indigenous researchers and educators involved in Indigenous health. Health Education Journal, 80(7), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969211009269
- McGuire-Adams, T. D. (2020). Paradigm shifting: Centering Indigenous research methodologies, an Anishinaabe perspective. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 12(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1662474
- Medina, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian epistemology of resistance: Counter-memory, epistemic friction, and guerrilla pluralism. Foucault Studies, 0(12), 9–35. https://doi.org/10.22439/fs.v0i12.3335
- Midzain-Gobin, L., & Smith, H. A. (2020). Debunking the myth of Canada as a non-colonial power. American Review of Canadian Studies, 50(4), 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2020.1849329
- Moeke-Pickering, T., & Partridge, C. (2014). Service social autochtone — Incorporer la vision autochtone du monde dans les stages pratiques en service social. Reflets, 20(1), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.7202/1025800ar
- Moore, S. M. (2022). How ancestor research affects self-understanding and well-being: Introduction to the special issue. Genealogy, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6010020
- Morrison. (1910). Reviews Volume 14. Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada, 14(1), 1–200. https://doi.org/10.3138/RHP-014-reviews
- Murray-Lichtman, A., & Elkassem, S. (2021). Academic voyerism: The white gaze in social work. Canadian Social Work Review / Revue Canadienne de Service Social, 38(2), 179–205. https://doi.org/10.7202/1086125ar
- Oikawa, M. (2012). Cartographies of violence: Japanese Canadian women, memory, and the subjects of the internment. University of Toronto Press.
- Regan, P. (2010). Unsettling the settler within: Indian residential schools, truth telling, and reconciliation in Canada. UBC Press.
- Simpson, L. (2004). Anticolonial strategies for the recovery and maintenance of Indigenous knowledge. American Indian Quarterly, 28(3/4), 373–384.
- Simpson, L. (2011). Dancing on our turtle’s back: Stories of Nishnaabeg re-creation, resurgence, and a new emergence. Arbeiter Ring Pub.
- Sinclair, R., Hart, M. A., & Bruyere, G. (Eds.). (2009). Wicihitowin: Aboriginal social work in Canada. Brunswick Books.
- Snelgrove, C., & Wildcat, M. (2023). Political action in the time of reconciliation. In A. Craft, H. K. Aikau, & H. K. Stark (Eds.), Indigenous resurgence in an age of reconciliation. (pp. 157–175). University of Toronto Press.
- Stark, H. K. (2023). Generating a critical resurgence together. In H. K. Stark, A. Craft, & H. K. Aikau (Eds.), Indigenous resurgence in an age of reconciliation. (pp. 3–20). University of Toronto Press.
- Swiftwolfe, D. (2019). Indigenous ally toolkit. Montreal Urban Aboriginal Community Strategy Network. https://www.commonword.ca/ResourceView/82/20250
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf
- Walters, W. (2012). Governmentality: Critical encounters (Vol. 3). Routledge.
- Yakashiro, N. (2021). Daffodils and dispossession: Nikkei settlers, white possession, and settler colonial property in Bradner, BC, 1914–51. BC Studies, 211, 49–79.